The First Crusade

PART ONE

Introduction: Christianity, Islam, and the Beginning of the Crusades

Holy War

Jerusalem

The Call to Crusade

The Crusade and Constantinople

Antioch: Where the Crusade Became a Holy War

Jerusalem: The Battle for Heaven

Aftermath

PART TWO

The Documents

Holy War

1. Deuteronomy 20, An Old Testament Theory of Holy War

2. 1 Samuel 15, Holy War in Action

3. Surah 8, Holy War in the Qur’an

Jerusalem

4. Ibn Ishaq, Jerusalem in Islamic Tradition: The Night Journey of Muhammad, Eighth Century

5. A View of Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives

6. Nas.er-e Khosraw, A Muslim Pilgrim’s Description of Jerusalem, ca. 1046–1052

7. A Latin Christian Travel Guide to Jerusalem, ca. 1100

8. A Map of Jerusalem from the Time of the Crusades, Twelfth Century

9. Pseudo-Methodius, The Revelation of Pseudo-Methodius: Christian Prophecy about Jerusalem and the Apocalypse, ca. 700

10. Rodulfus Glaber, A French Monk’s Account of the Destruction of the Holy Sepulcher, 1009

11. al-Maqrizi, A Muslim Historian’s Account of the Destruction of the Holy Sepulcher, Fourteenth Century

12. The Departure of the Great German Pilgrimage of1064, ca. 1125

13. Lambert of Hersfeld, The Crisis of the German Pilgrimage, March 27, 1065, Twelfth Century

14. A Replica in Bologna of the Holy Sepulcher, Late Eleventh Century

The Call to Crusade

15. Bishop Lambert of Arras, Urban II’s Crusading Indulgence, 1095

16. Robert the Monk, Urban II’s Sermon at Clermont: The Version of Robert the Monk, ca. 1107

17. Guibert of Nogent, Urban II’s Sermon at Clermont: An Excerpt from Guibert of Nogent’s Version, ca. 1107

18. Albert of Aachen, Peter the Hermit as Inventor of the Crusade, ca. 1107

19. The Rosenfeld Annals, The Message of Peter the Hermit, Twelfth Century

20. Bohemond, a Norman Leader, Takes the Cross, ca. 1100

21. Ralph of Caen, Tancred Takes the Cross, ca. 1118

22. Ekkehard of Aura, Ekkehard of Aura on the Public Reaction to the Call to Crusade, ca. 1116

23. Solomon ben Simson, The Massacre of the Jews of Mainz, Recounted in the Hebrew Chronicle,

Mid-Twelfth Century

The Crusade and Constantinople

24. Anna Comnena, Anna Comnena Describes Peter the Hermit’s Crusade, ca. 1148

25. The Crusaders at Constantinople: A Latin Perspective, ca. 1100

26. An Eleventh-Century Mosaic Depicting a Byzantine, Imperial Christ, Eleventh Century

27. Anna Comnena, Anna Comnena Describes the Crusaders at Constantinople, ca. 1148

28. Count Stephen of Blois, From Constantinople to Nicaea: A Letter from Count Stephen of Blois,

June 24, 1097

29. Fulcher of Chartres, Fulcher of Chartres on the Battle of Dorylaeum, ca. 1106

30. Raymond of Aguilers, Raymond of Aguilers on the Battle of Dorylaeum, ca. 1100

31. Bishop Adhémar of Le Puy and Patriarch Simeon of Jerusalem, The Road to Antioch, October 1097

Antioch: Where the Crusade Became a Holy War

32. Count Stephen of Blois, The Siege of Antioch: A Letter from Count Stephen of Blois, March 1098

33. The Fall of Antioch, ca. 1100

34. Ibn al-Athir, An Arab Historian’s Account of the Fall of Antioch, Early Thirteenth Century

35. The New Enemy: Kerbogah, ca. 1100

36. Fulcher of Chartres, Two Visions Preceding the Battle with Kerbogah, ca. 1106

37. Raymond of Aguilers, The Discovery of the Holy Lance of Antioch, ca. 1100

38. A Final Parley with Kerbogah, ca. 1100

39. Raymond of Aguilers, The Battle with Kerbogah, ca. 1100

40. Ibn al-Athir, An Arab Historian’s Explanation for Kerbogah’s Loss, Early Thirteenth Century

41. Raymond of Aguilers, The Holy Lance on Trial, ca. 1100

Jerusalem: The Battle for Heaven

42. Ralph of Caen, The Armies Arrive at Jerusalem, ca. 1118

43. An Imagined Battle outside the Holy City, 1250

44. Raymond of Aguilers, The Main Army Arrives at Jerusalem, ca. 1100

45. Albert of Aachen, The Procession before the Final Battle, ca. 1107

46. Baudry of Bourgueil, An Imagined Sermon Delivered to Crusaders at Jerusalem, 1107

47. Raymond of Aguilers, The Battle for Jerusalem, ca. 1100

48. Ralph of Caen, Tancred Confronts Antichrist, 1118

49. Ibn al-Athir, An Arab Historian on the Fall of Jerusalem, Early Thirteenth Century

50. Albert of Aachen, The Treatment of Prisoners, ca. 1107

51. Christ Leads Crusading Knights into Armageddon, Early Fourteenth Century

Aftermath

52. Archbishop Manasses of Reims, Latin Christian Reaction to the Crusade, 1099

53. Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami, Muslim Reaction to the Crusade, 1105

APPENDIXES

A Chronology of the First Crusade from Its Roots to Its Chroniclers (325–1108)

Questions for Consideration

Selected Bibliography

Index