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The Bedford Introduction to Literature, High School Binding

Ninth  Edition©2011  Michael Meyer

About

Table of Contents

Resources for Reading and Writing about Literature

Preface for Instructors

INTRODUCTION: READING IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE

photo: John Cheever

The Nature of Literature

EMILY DICKINSON, A narrow Fellow in the Grass

The Value of Literature

The Changing Literary Canon

FICTION

The Elements of Fiction

1. Reading Fiction

photo: Toni Cade Bambara

photo: Kate Chopin

Reading Fiction Responsively

KATE CHOPIN, The Story of an Hour

photo: Kate Chopin

A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "The Story of an Hour"

A SAMPLE PAPER: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin’s "The Story of an Hour"

Explorations and Formulas

photo: Romance novel cover

A COMPARISON OF TWO STORIES

KAREN VAN DER ZEE, From A Secret Sorrow

photo: Karen van der Zee

GAIL GODWIN, A Sorrowful Woman

photo: Gail Godwin

PERSPECTIVES

KAY MUSSELL, Are Feminism and Romance Novels Mutually Exclusive?

THOMAS JEFFERSON, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction

ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES

*GENE LUEN YANG, From American Born Chinese

2. Writing about Fiction

photo: Alice Walker

From Reading to Writing

Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing

A SAMPLE PAPER IN PROGRESS

A First Response to A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman"

Brainstorming

A Sample Brainstorming List 52

Revising: First and Second Drafts

A Sample First Draft: Separate Sorrows

A Sample Second Draft: Separate Sorrows

Final Paper

Final Paper: Ful?llment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman"

3. Plot

photo: Stephen King

photo: Ernest Hemingway

EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS, From Tarzan of the Apes

photo: Edgar Rice Burroughs

cover: "All-Story" magazine cover

photo: Alice Walker

*ALICE WALKER, The Flowers

JOYCE CAROL OATES, Three Girls

photo: Joyce Carol Oates

WILLIAM FAULKNER, A Rose for Emily

photo: William Faulkner

PERSPECTIVE: William Faulkner, On "A Rose for Emily"

A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "A Rose for Emily"

A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Con?ict in the Plot of Faulkner’s "A Rose for Emily"

ANDRE DUBUS, Killings

photo: Andre Dubus

PERSPECTIVES

A. L. BADER, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories

ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES

EDWARD GOREY, From The Hapless Child

4. Character

photo: Mark Twain

CHARLES DICKENS, From Hard Times

photo: Charles Dickens

A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Character Development in Dickens’s Hard Times

MAY-LEE CHAI, Saving Sourdi

photo: May-lee Chai

HERMAN MELVILLE, Bartleby, the Scrivener

photo: Herman Melville

PERSPECTIVES

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On Herman Melville’s Philosophic Stance

DAN McCALL, On the Lawyer’s Character in "Bartleby, the Scrivener"

*JUNOT DIAZ, Fiesta, 1980

*photo: Junot Diaz

ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES

LYNDA BARRY, Spelling

5. Setting

photo: Andrea Lee

photo: Ernest Hemingway

ERNEST HEMINGWAY, Soldier’s Home

PERSPECTIVES

ERNEST HEMINGWAY, On What Every Writer Needs

ANDREA LEE, Anthropology

photo: Andrea Lee

FAY WELDON, IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo

photo: Fay Weldon

PERSPECTIVE: Fay Weldon, On the Importance of Place in "IND AFF"

A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Signi?cance of Setting in Weldon’s "IND AFF"

6. Point of View

photo: Anton Chekhov

Third-Person Narrator

First-Person Narrator

photo: Robert Olen Butler

*ROBERT OLEN BUTLER, Jealous Husband Returns in Form of Parrot

photo: Anton Chekhov

ANTON CHEKHOV, The Lady with the Pet Dog

PERSPECTIVES

Two Additional Translations of the Final Paragraphs of Anton Chekhov’s "The Lady with the Pet Dog"

ANTON CHEKHOV, From "The Lady and the Dog"

ANTON CHEKHOV, From "A Lady with a Dog"

ANTON CHEKHOV, On Morality in Fiction

JOYCE CAROL OATES, The Lady with the Pet Dog

PERSPECTIVE: MATTHEW C. BRENNAN, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov’s and Oates’s "The Lady with the Pet Dog"

A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Two Versions of the Same Story: Point of View in Chekhov’s and Oates’s "The Lady with the Pet Dog"

ALICE WALKER, Roselily

ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES

MARJANE SATRAPI, "The Trip," From Persepolis

7. Symbolism

photo: Ralph Ellison

CHITRA BANERJEE DIVAKARUNI, Clothes

photo: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni

COLETTE, The Hand

RALPH ELLISON, Battle Royal

photo: Ralph Ellison

PERSPECTIVE: MORDECAI MARCUS, What Is an Initiation Story?

A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "Battle Royal"

A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Symbolism in Ellison’s "Battle Royal"

*MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER, The Paring Knife

8. Theme

photo: Herman Melville

STEPHEN CRANE, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky

photo: Stephen Crane

photo: Katherine Mans?eld

KATHERINE MANSFIELD, Miss Brill

photo: Dagoberto Gilb

DAGOBERTO GILB, Love in L.A.

A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Theme of Deception in Gilb’s "Love in L.A."

DALY WALKER, I Am the Grass

photo: Daly Walker

9. Style, Tone, and Irony

photo: Raymond Carver

Style

Tone

Irony

photo: Raymond Carver

RAYMOND CARVER, Popular Mechanics

PERSPECTIVE: JOHN BARTH, On Minimalist Fiction

A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Minimalist Style of Carver’s "Popular Mechanics"

SUSAN MINOT, Lust

photo: Susan Minot

TIM O’BRIEN, How to Tell a True War Story

photo: Tim O’Brien

photo: Z. Z. Packer

Z. Z. PACKER, Brownies

*photo: Rick Moody

*RICK MOODY, Boys

ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES

MATT GROENING, Life in Hell

10. Combining the Elements of Fiction: A Writing Process

photo: Edgar Allan Poe

The Elements Together

Mapping the Story

photo: David Updike

DAVID UPDIKE, Summer

Questions for Writing: Developing a Topic into a Revised Thesis

A Sample Brainstorming List

A Sample First Thesis

A Sample Revised Thesis

A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Plot and Setting in David Updike’s "Summer"

Approaches to Fiction

11. A Study of Nathaniel Hawthorne

photo: Nathaniel Hawthorne

image: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s signature

photo: "The Old Manse"

image: Nathaniel Hawthorne portrait

image: "The Witch of the Woodlands"

A Brief Biography and Introduction

CHRONOLOGY

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Young Goodman Brown

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Minister’s Black Veil

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Birthmark

PERSPECTIVES ON HAWTHORNE

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On Solitude

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On the Power of the Writer’s Imagination NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On His Short Stories

HERMAN MELVILLE, On Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Tragic Vision

GAYLORD BREWER, "The Joys of Secret Sin"

TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS

JUDITH FETTERLEY, A Feminist Reading of "The Birthmark"

JAMES QUINN and ROSS BALDESSARINI, A Psychological Reading of "The Birthmark"

12. A Study of Flannery O’Connor

photo: Flannery O’Connor

image: Flannery O’Connor’s signature

A Brief Biography and Introduction

photo: Flannery O’Connor, Age 12

photo: Flannery O’Connor, Age 16 or 17

photo: Flannery O’Connor with Self-Portrait

photo: The Corinthian Staff

cartoon: "Targets"

photo: Flannery O’Connor and Pet Peacock at Andalusia Farm

CHRONOLOGY

FLANNERY O’CONNOR, A Good Man Is Hard to Find

FLANNERY O’CONNOR, Good Country People

FLANNERY O’CONNOR, Revelation

PERSPECTIVES ON O’CONNOR

FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On Faith

FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On the Materials of Fiction

FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On Theme and Symbol

JOSEPHINE HENDIN, On O’Connor’s Refusal to "Do Pretty"

CLAIRE KAHANE, The Function of Violence in O’Connor’s Fiction

EDWARD KESSLER, On O’Connor’s Use of History

TIME MAGAZINE, On "A Good Man is Hard to Find"

TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS

A. R. COULTHARD, On the Visionary Ending of "Revelation"

MARSHALL BRUCE GENTRY, On the Revised Ending of "Revelation"

13. A Critical Case Study: William Faulkner’s "Barn Burning"

photo: William Faulkner

image: William Faulkner’s signature

photo: William Faulkner

photo: Oxford Hardware Store

photo: Goodwin and Brown’s Commissary

photo: Rowan Oak

photo: William Faulkner at Writing Desk

WILLIAM FAULKNER, Barn Burning

PERSPECTIVES ON FAULKNER

JANE HILES, Blood Ties in "Barn Burning"

BENJAMIN DEMOTT, Abner Snopes as a Victim of Class

GAYLE EDWARD WILSON, Con?ict in "Barn Burning"

JAMES FERGUSON, Narrative Strategy in "Barn Burning"

Questions for Writing: Incorporating the Critics

A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Fires of Class Con?ict in "Barn Burning" (excerpt)

14. A Cultural Case Study: James Joyce’s "Eveline"

photo: James Joyce

image: James Joyce’s signature

A Brief Biography and Introduction

image: "Eveline" in The Irish Homestead

photo: James Joyce, Age 22

photo: James Joyce with Nora and Friends

photo: James Joyce in Paris

CHRONOLOGY

JAMES JOYCE, Eveline

Documents

photo: Poole Street, Dublin

THE ALLIANCE TEMPERANCE ALMANACK, On the Resources of Ireland

BRIDGET BURKE, A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant

A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl

poster: The Bohemian Girl

15. A Thematic Case Study: The Literature of the South

photo: Flannery O’Connor

photo: Richard Wright

map: U.S. Bureau of the Census, "The South"

JOHN SHELTON REED and DALE VOLBERG REED, De?nitions of the South

W. J. CASH, The Old and the New South

movie still: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Gone with the Wind

lithograph: Currier and Ives, The Old Plantation Home

IRVING HOWE, The Southern Myth

painting: John Richards, The Battle of Gettysburg, 1863

FLANNERY O’CONNOR, The Regional Writer

painting: Clyde Broadway, Trinity — Elvis, Jesus, and Robert E. Lee

MARGARET WALKER, The Southern Writer and Race

photo: Ernest C. Withers, "Bus Station, Colored Waiting Room, Memphis,

Tennessee"

photo: Library of Congress, Elizabeth Eckford at Little Rock Central High School photo: Ernest C. Withers, "Sanitation Workers’ Strike, Memphis, Tennessee" RICHARD WRIGHT, The Ethics of Living Jim Crow

collage: Romare Bearden, Watching the Good Trains Go By

DONALD R. NOBLE, The Future of Southern Writing

LEE SMITH, On Southern Change and Permanence

16. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire

photo: T. C. Boyle

photo: E. Annie Proulx

E. ANNIE PROULX, 55 Miles to the Gas Pump

T. CORAGHESSAN BOYLE, Carnal Knowledge

photo: T. C. Boyle

*RON HANSEN, My Kid’s Dog

LEE SMITH, The Happy Memories Club

photo: Lee Smith

*JOYCE CAROL OATES, Hi Howya Doin’

photo: Mark Twain

MARK TWAIN, The Story of the Good Little Boy

*17. Remarkably Short Short Fiction

*SANDRA CISNEROS, Eleven

*photo: Sandra Cisneros

*RON CARLSON, Max

*JAYNE ANNE PHILLIPS, Cheers

*MARK HALLIDAY, Young Man on Sixth Ave

*DAVID FOSTER WALLACE, Incarnations of Burned Children

*photo: David Foster Wallace

LYDIA DAVIS, Letter to a Funeral Parlor

photo: Lydia Davis

PETER MEINKE, The Cranes

*MARGARET ATWOOD, Happy Endings

photo: Margaret Atwood

*TERRY L. TILTON, That Settles That

A Collection of Stories

18. An Album of Contemporary Stories

photo: Amy Bloom

photo: Amy Bloom

AMY BLOOM, By-and-by

*JHUMPA LAHIRI, Hell-Heaven

*photo: Jhumpa Lahiri

*JOHN UPDIKE, Outage

photo: John Updike

*XU XI, Famine

*photo: Xu Xi

19. An Album of World Literature

photo: Salman Rushdie

BESSIE HEAD (Botswana), The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses

NAGUIB MAHFOUZ (Egypt), The Answer Is No

photo: Naguib Mahfouz

photo: Gabriel García Márquez

GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ (Colombia), One of These Days

*TATYANA TOLSTAYA, See the Other Side

20. Stories for Further Reading

photo: Toni Morrison

photo: Joseph Conrad

JOSEPH CONRAD, An Outpost of Progress

photo: Jamaica Kincaid

JAMAICA KINCAID, Girl

photo: D. H. Lawrence

D. H. LAWRENCE, The Horse Dealer’s Daughter

*JACK LONDON, To Build a Fire

*photo: Jack London

*KATHERINE MANSFIELD, The Fly

EDGAR ALLAN POE, The Cask of Amontillado

photo: Edgar Allan Poe

KATHERINE ANNE PORTER, The Witness

photo: Katherine Anne Porter

JOHN UPDIKE, A & P

POETRY

The Elements of Poetry

21. Reading Poetry

Reading Poetry Responsively

Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant

Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays

John Updike, Dog’s Death

The Pleasure of Words

William Hathaway, Oh, Oh

SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of Oh, Oh
Robert Francis, Catch

A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Tossing Metaphors Together in "Catch"

Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish

Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits

Robert Morgan, Mountain Graveyard

E. E. Cummings, l(a

Anonymous, Western Wind

Regina Barreca, Nighttime Fires

SUGGESTIONS FOR APPROACHING POETRY

Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry

ENCOUNTERING POETRY: IMAGES OF POETRY IN POPULAR CULTURE

poster: Dorothy Parker, Unfortunate Coincidence

photo: Carl Sandburg, Window

cartoon: Roz Chast, The Love Song of J. Alfred Crew
photo: Tim Taylor, I shake the delicate apparatus

poster: Eric Dunn and Mike Wigton, National Poetry Slam

*photo: Kevin Fleming, Poetry Reading at Nuyorican Poets Café

web screen: Poetry-portal.com

web screen: Ted Kooser, American Life in Poetry

poem in newspaper: David Allan Evans, Neighbors

Poetry in Popular Forms

Helen Farries, Magic of Love

John Frederick Nims, Love Poem

Bruce Springsteen, You’re Missing

S. Pearl Sharp, It’s the Law: A Rap Poem

perspective: Robert Francis, On "Hard" Poetry
Poems for Further Study

*Peter Pereira, Anagrammer

*Mary Oliver, The Poet with His Face in His Hands

Lisa Parker, Snapping Beans

Alberto Ríos, Seniors

Alfred Lord Tennyson, Crossing the Bar

Billy Collins, Marginalia

*Christian Bok, Vowels

22. Writing about Poetry

From Reading to Writing

QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
Elizabeth Bishop, Manners

A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of Manners

A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop’s "Manners"

23. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone

Word Choice

Diction

Denotations and Connotations

Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner

Word Order

Tone

Judith Ortiz Cofer, Common Ground

Colette Inez, Back When All Was Continuous Chuckles

Kathryn Howd Machan, Hazel Tells LaVerne

*SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Tone in Kathryn Howd Machan’s "Hazel Tells LaVerne"

Martín Espada, Latin Night at the Pawnshop

Paul Lawrence Dunbar, To a Captious Critic

Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems

Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time

Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress

Ann Lauinger, Marvell Noir
Sharon Olds, Last Night

Poems for Further Study

Barbara Hamby, Ode to American English

Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain

David R. Slavitt, Titanic

Peter Meinke, (Untitled)
Joanne Diaz, On My Father’s Loss of Hearing

Sharon Olds, Sex without Love

*Mary Oliver, Oxygen

Cathy Song, The Youngest Daughter

John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn

Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool

*Joan Murray, We Old Dudes

Alice Jones, The Larynx

Louis Simpson, In the Suburbs
*Herbert Lomas, The Fly’s Poem about Emily

A Note on Reading Translations

Three Translations of a Poem by Sappho

Sappho, Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne (translated by Henry T. Wharton)

Sappho Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite (translated by T. W. Higginson)

Sappho, Prayer to my lady of Paphos (translated by Mary Barnard)

Two Translations of a Poem by Pablo Neruda
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (original Spanish version)
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Ben Belitt)
Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Kristin Linklater)

24. Images

Poetry’s Appeal to the Senses

Li Ho, A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair

William Carlos Williams, Poem

Jeanette Barnes, Battle-Piece

Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford

David Solway, Windsurfing

Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar

Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach

Jimmy Santiago Baca, Green Chile

Poems for Further Study

Amy Lowell, The Pond
H. D. [Hilda Doolittle], Heat

Linda Pastan, Pass/Fail

*Ruth Fainlight, Crocuses
Mary Robinson, London’s Summer Morning

William Blake, London

*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Imagery in William Blake’s "London" and Mary Robinson’s "London’s Summer Morning"

Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est

*Marvin Bell, The Uniform

Patricia Smith, What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl (for Those of You Who Aren’t)

Rainer Maria Rilke, The Panther

Jane Kenyon, The Blue Bowl

*Donna Masini, Slowly

Sally Croft, Home-Baked Bread

John Keats, To Autumn

*C.K. Williams, Shock

Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro

Cathy Song, The White Porch

perspective: T. E. Hulme, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose

25. Figures of Speech

William Shakespeare, From Macbeth (Act V, Scene 5)

Simile and Metaphor

Margaret Atwood, you fit into me

Emily Dickinson, Presentiment—is that long Shadow—on the lawn—

Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book

*Jay Rogoff, Death’s Theatre

Other Figures

Edmund Conti, Pragmatist

Dylan Thomas, The Hand That Signed the Paper

Janice Townley Moore, To a Wasp

J. Patrick Lewis, The Unkindest Cut

Poems for Further Study

Gary Snyder, How Poetry Comes to Me

*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Metaphor in Gary Snyder’s "How Poetry Comes to Me"
Margaret Atwood, February

William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady

Ernest Slyman, Lightning Bugs

*Peter Meinke, Unnatural Light

Sylvia Plath, Mirror

Judy Page Heitzman, The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill
William Wordsworth, London, 1802

Jim Stevens, Schizophrenia

Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider

John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning

Linda Pastan, Marks

*Kay Ryan, Hailstorm

Ronald Wallace, Building an Outhouse

Elaine Magarrell, The Joy of Cooking

Ruth Fainlight, The Clarinettist 154

perspective: John R. Searle, Figuring Out Metaphors

26. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony

Symbol

Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night

Allegory

Edgar Allan Poe, The Haunted Palace

Irony

Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory

*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Irony in Edwin Arlington Robinson’s "Richard Cory"

Kenneth Fearing, AD

E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i

Stephen Crane, A Man Said to the Universe

Poems for Further Study

Bob Hicok, Making it in Poetry
Jane Kenyon, Surprise

Martín Espada, Bully

*Kevin Pierce, Proof of Origin

Carl Sandburg, Buttons

Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar

*May Swenson, All That Time
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark

Julio Marzán, Ethnic Poetry

Mark Halliday, Graded Paper

*Charles Simic, The Storm

James Merrill, Casual Wear

Henry Reed, Naming of Parts

Rachel Hadas, The Compact

*Bruce Weigl, Snowy Egret
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess

William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper

Walt Whitman, From Song of Myself
Gary Soto, Behind Grandma’s House

perspective: Ezra Pound, On Symbols

27. Sounds

Listening to Poetry

Anonymous, Scarborough Fair

John Updike, Player Piano

May Swenson, A Nosty Fright

Emily Dickinson, A Bird came down the Walk—

*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Sound in Emily Dickinson’s "A Bird came down the Walk—"

Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating

Rhyme

Richard Armour, Going to Extremes

Robert Southey, From The Cataract of Lodore

perspective: David Lenson, On the Contemporary Use of Rhyme

Sound and Meaning

Gerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur

Poems for Further Study

Thomas Lux, Onomatopoeia

*Molly Peacock, Of Night
Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), Jabberwocky

*Harryette Mullen, Blah-Blah

William Heyen, The Trains

John Donne, Song

Alexander Pope, From An Essay on Criticism

Haki R. Madhbuti, The B Network
*Andrew Hudgins, The Cow

Paul Humphrey, Blow

Robert Francis, The Pitcher

Helen Chasin, The Word Plum

*Richard Wakefield, The Bell Rope

John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale

Howard Nemerov, Because you Asked Me about the Line Between Prose and

Poetry

28. Patterns of Rhythm

Some Principles of Meter

Walt Whitman, From Song of the Open Road

William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up

SUGGESTIONS FOR SCANNING A POEM

Timothy Steele, Waiting for the Storm

*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Rhythm of Anticipation in Timothy Steele’s "Waiting for the Storm"

William Butler Yeats, That the Night Come

Poems for Further Study

*Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break

Alice Jones, The Foot

A. E. Houseman, When I was one-and-twenty
Rita Dove, Fox Trot Fridays

Rachel Hadas, The Red Hat

Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder

Ben Johnson, Still to Be Neat

*Sonia Sanchez, Summer Words of a Sistuh Addict

William Blake, The Lamb

William Blake, The Tyger

Carl Sandburg, Chicago

*Mark Doty, Tunnel Music

*Mark Turpin, Sledgehammer’s Song
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade

Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz

*Thylia Moss, Tornados

*Floyd Skloot, Winter Solstice

perspective: Louise Bogan, On Formal Poetry

29. Poetic Forms

Some Common Poetic Forms

A. E. Houseman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now

Robert Herrick, Upon Julia’s Clothes

Sonnet

John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer

William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us

William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

William Shakespeare, My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun

Edna St. Vincent Millay, I will put Chaos into fourteen lines

*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Fixed Form in Edna St. Vincent Millay’s "I will put Chaos into fourteen lines"

Molly Peacock, Desire

Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet

*X.J. Kennedy, The Purpose of Time is to Prevent Everything from Happening at Once

Villanelle

Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts

Sestina

Algernon Charles Swinburne, Sestina

Florence Cassen Mayers, All-American Sestina

Epigram

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram?

A. R. Ammons, Coward

David McCord, Epitaph on a Waiter

Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Theology

Limerick

Anonymous, There was a young lady named Bright

Laurence Perrine, The limerick’s never averse

Keith Casto, She Don’t Bop

Haiku

Matsuo Basho, Under cherry trees

Carolyn Kizer, After Basho

Sonia Sanchez, c’mon man hold me

Elegy
Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane

Andrew Hudgins, Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead

*Brendan Galvin, An Evel Knievel Elegy

Ode

Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind

*Baron Wormser, Labor
Parody

Blanche Farley, The Lover Not Taken

X. J. Kennedy, A Visit from St. Sigmund

Picture Poem

Michael McFee, In Medias Res

Perspective

Elaine Mitchell, Form

30. Open Form

E. E. Cummings, in Just-

Walt Whitman, From I Sing the Body Electric

perspective: Walt Whitman, On Rhyme and Meter

*A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Power of Walt Whitman’s Open Form Poem "I Sing the Body Electric"

Richard Hass, A Story about the Body

Richard Hague, Directions for Resisting the SAT
Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps

Kelly Cherry, Alzheimer’s

William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow

*Natasha Tretheway, On Captivity
Gary Gildner, First Practice

Marilyn Nelson Waniek, Emily Dickinson’s Defunct

*Jeffrey Harrison, The Names of Things

Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage

Julio Marzán, The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers

*Todd Boss, Advance
Robert Morgan, Overalls

*Louise Glück, March

*Linda Pastan, To a Daughter Leaving Home
Anonymous, The Frog

Tato Laviera, AmeRícan

Peter Meinke, The ABC of Aerobics

*Sandra M. Gilbert, Chairlift

*Mary Stewart Hammond, The Big Fish Story

Found Poem

Donald Justice, Order in the Streets

31. Combining the Elements of Poetry: A Writing Process

The Elements Together

Mapping the Poem

John Donne, Death Be Not Proud

Asking Questions about the Elements

A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of Death Be Not Proud

A SAMPLE FIRST RESPONSE

Organizing Your Thoughts

A SAMPLE INFORMAL OUTLINE

The Elements and Theme

A SAMPLE EXPLICATION: The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne’s "Death Be Not Proud"

APPROACHES TO POETRY

32. A Study of Emily Dickinson

A Brief Biography

Photo: Emily Dickinson, age 16

Silhouette: Emily Dickinson, age 14

Photo: Emily Dickinson, unauthenticated image

Photo: Edward Dickinson

Letter and Cartoon: Emily Dickinson to William Cowper Dickinson

Photo: Susan Gilbert Dickinson

Letter and Cartoon: Emily Dickinson to Susan Gilbert Dickinson

An Introduction to Her Work

Emily Dickinson, If I can stop one Heart from breaking

Emily Dickinson, If I shouldn’t be alive

Emily Dickinson, The Thought beneath so slight a film—

Emily Dickinson, To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee

Chronology

Emily Dickinson, Success is counted sweetest

*Emily Dickinson, Some things that fly there be

Emily Dickinson, Water, is taught by thirst

Emily Dickinson, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—(1859 version)

Emily Dickinson, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—(1861 version)

Emily Dickinson, Portraits are to daily faces

Emily Dickinson, Some keep the Sabbath going to Church—

Emily Dickinson, "Heaven"—is what I cannot reach!
Emily Dickinson, "Hope" is the thing with feathers

*Emily Dickinson, The Robin’s my Criterion for Tune—

Emily Dickinson, I like a look of Agony

Emily Dickinson, Wild Nights—Wild Nights!
Emily Dickinson, What Soft—Cherubic Creatures—

Facsimile: Manuscript Page of "What Soft—Cherubic Creatures--"

Emily Dickinson, The Soul selects her own Society—

Emily Dickinson, Much Madness is divinest Sense—

Emily Dickinson, I dwell in Possibility—

*Emily Dickinson, They dropped like Flakes—

Emily Dickinson, After great pain, a formal feeling comes—

*Emily Dickinson, Pain—has an Element of Blank—

*Emily Dickinson, The Morning after Woe

Emily Dickinson, I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—

Emily Dickinson, One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted—

Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death—

Emily Dickinson, I felt a Cleaving in my Mind—

Emily Dickinson, A Light exists in Spring
Emily Dickinson, O Sumptuous moment

Emily Dickinson, The Bustle in a House

Emily Dickinson, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant—
Emily Dickinson, There is no Frigate like a Book
*Emily Dickinson, Fame is the one that does not stay—

Perspectives on Emily Dickinson

Emily Dickinson, A Description of Herself

Thomas Wentworth Higginson, On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time

Mabel Loomis Todd, The Character of Amherst
Richard Wilbur, On Dickinson’s Sense of Privation

Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, On Dickinson’s White Dress

Cynthia Griffin Wolff, On the Many Voices in Dickinson’s Poetry

Paula Bennett, On "I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—"

Martha Nell Smith, On "Because I could not stop for Death—"

Ronald Wallace, Miss Goff

Two Complementary Critical Readings

Charles R. Anderson, Eroticism in "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!"

David S. Reynolds, Popular Literature and "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!"

QUESTIONS FOR WRITING ABOUT AN AUTHOR IN DEPTH

A SAMPLE IN-DEPTH STUDY

Emily Dickinson, "Faith" is a fine invention

Emily Dickinson, I know that He exists

Emily Dickinson, I never saw a Moor—

Emily Dickinson, Apparently with no surprise

A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily Dickinson
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

33. A Study of Robert Frost

A Brief Biography

Photo: Robert Frost, age 18

Photo: Robert Frost, age 47

Photo: Robert Frost at his writing desk

An Introduction to His Work

Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken

Robert Frost, The Pasture

Chronology

Robert Frost, Mowing
Robert Frost, My November Guest
Robert Frost, Storm Fear

Robert Frost, Mending Wall

Robert Frost, Home Burial

*Robert Frost, The Wood-pile

Robert Frost, After Apple-Picking

Robert Frost, Birches

*Robert Frost, An Old Man’s Winter Night

Robert Frost, "Out, Out—"

*Robert Frost, The Oven Bird

Robert Frost, Fire and Ice

Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay
Robert Frost, Unharvested

Facsimile: Manuscript page of "Neither Out Far nor In Deep"

Robert Frost, Neither Out Far nor In Deep

Robert Frost, Design
Perspectives on Robert Frost

Robert Frost, "In White," An Early Version of "Design"

Robert Frost, On the Living Part of a Poem

Amy Lowell, On Frost’s Realistic Technique

Robert Frost, On the Figure a Poem Makes

Robert Frost, On the Way to Read a Poem

Herbert R. Coursen Jr. , A Parodic Interpretation of "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"

Peter D. Poland, On "Neither Out Far nor In Deep"

Derek Walcott, The Road Taken

Two Complementary Critical Readings

Richard Poirier, On Emotional Suffocation in "Home Burial"

Katherine Kearns, On the Symbolic Setting of "Home Burial"

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

34. A Study of Langston Hughes

Image: Langston Hughes Stamp

*Photo: Couples Dancing in a Harlem Nightclub

A Brief Biography

Photo: Harlem Renaissance couple

Photo: The Lafayette Theatre

Photo: Langston Hughes at the McCarthy Hearings

Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers

An Introduction to His Work

Langston Hughes, I, Too

Chronology

Langston Hughes, Negro

Langston Hughes, Danse Africaine

Langston Hughes, Jazzonia

Langston Hughes, Dream Variations

Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues

Langston Hughes, Cross

Langston Hughes, Formula
Langston Hughes, Esthete in Harlem

Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight

Langston Hughes, Song for a Dark Girl

Langston Hughes, Red Silk Stockings

Langston Hughes, Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady Dancer
Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord

*Langston Hughes, Ku Klux

*Langston Hughes, 50-50

*Langston Hughes, Harlem Sweeties
Langston Hughes, 125th Street

Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie
Langston Hughes, Harlem

*Langston Hughes, Motto

Langston Hughes, Un-American Investigators

Langston Hughes, Old Walt

Facsimile: manuscript page of "Old Walt"

*Langston Hughes, High to Low

Langston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me

Langston Hughes, Frederick Douglass: 1817–1895

Perspectives on Langston Hughes

Langston Hughes, On Harlem Rent Parties

James E. Emanuel, Hughes’s Attitudes toward Religion

Richard K. Barksdale, On Censoring "Ballad of the Landlord"
Karen Jackson Ford, Hughes’ Aesthetics of Simplicity

David Chinitz, The Romanticization of Africa in the 1920s

Two Complementary Critical Readings
David Rampersad, On the Persona in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"
Adrian Oktenberg, Memory in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

35. *A Study of Billy Collins: The Author Reflects on Five Poems

*Photo: Billy Collins

*A Brief Biography and Overview of Collins’s Work

*Photo: Billy Collins, first day as a student at St. Joan of Arc School

*Photo: Billy Collins, first day as a student at College of the Holy Cross

*Photo: Billy Collins, yearbook photo

*Photo: Billy Collins, with cigarette

*Photo: Billy Collins, with dog

*Photo: Billy Collins in his office

*A Chronology

*Book Cover: Questions About Angels

*Book Cover: The Art of Drowning

*Book Cover: Nine Horses

*Book Cover: The Trouble with Poetry

* "How Do Poems Travel?": An Introduction by Billy Collins

*Billy Collins, Osso Buco

*Billy Collins, On Writing "Osso Buco"

*Billy Collins, Nostalgia

*Billy Collins, On Writing "Nostalgia"

*Billy Collins, Questions About Angels

*Billy Collins, On Writing "Questions About Angels"

*Billy Collins, Litany

*Billy Collins, On Writing "Litany"

*Billy Collins, Building with Its Face Blown Off

*Perspective: On "Building with Its Face Blown Off": Michael Meyer Interviews Billy Collins

*Facsimiles: Three Manuscript Pages

*Photo: Billy Collins Action Poetry Web site

*Photo: Poetry 180 Web site

36. A Study of Julia Alvarez: Five Poems

Photo: Julia Alvarez

A Brief Biography

Book Cover: A Cafecito Story

Photo: Julia Alvarez and students at Alta Gracia

An Introduction to Her Work

Chronology
Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Queens, 1963"
Passport Photo: Julia Alvarez, age 10

Julia Alvarez, Queens, 1963

photo: Queens Civil Rights Demonstration, 1963
perspective: Marny Requa, From an Interview with Julia Alvarez

Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Housekeeping Cages" and Her Housekeeping Poems

Julia Alvarez, Housekeeping Cages

Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Dusting"
Julia Alvarez, Dusting
Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Ironing Their Clothes"
Julia Alvarez, Ironing Their Clothes

Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Sometimes the Words Are So Close" (From the "33" Sonnet Sequence)

Julia Alvarez, Sometimes the Words Are So Close

Drafts of "Sometimes the Words Are So Close": A Poet’s Writing Process

Facsimiles: Four Draft Manuscript Pages

Photo: Library Way Bronze Plaque of "Sometimes the Words Are So Close"
Julia Alvarez, On Writing "First Muse"

Julia Alvarez, First Muse

Image: Chiquita Banana
perspective: Kelli Lyon Johnson, Mapping an Identity

37. A Critical Case Study: T. S. Eliot’s "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

Photo: T.S. Eliot, age 18

A Brief Biography

Painting: T.S. Eliot, by Wyndham Lewis

Photo: T.S. Eliot as Prufrock

T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

Perspectives on T. S. Eliot

Elisabeth Schneider, Hints of Eliot in Prufrock

Barbara Everett, The Problem of Tone in Prufrock

Michael L. Baumann, The "Overwhelming Question" for Prufrock

Frederik L. Rusch, Society and Character in "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

Robert Sward, A Personal Analysis of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

38. A Thematic Case Study: Love and Longing

Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments

Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband

Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count The Ways

Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo

E. E. Cummings, since feeling is first

Mark Doty, The Embrace

Joan Murray, Play by Play

Billie Bolton, Memorandum
* Michael Ryan, Bunny

39. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire

Fleur Adcock, The Video
John Ciardi, Suburban
Daisy Fried, Wit’s End
Ronald Wallace, In a Rut
Howard Nemerov, Walking the Dog
Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling

Peter Schmitt, Friends with Numbers
Martín Espada, The Community College Revises its Curriculum in Response to
Changing Demographics

*Denise Duhamel, Language Police Report
M. Carl Holman, Mr. Z
Gary Soto, Mexicans Begin Jogging
Bob Hicok, Spam Leaves an Aftertaste

Thomas Lux, Commercial Leech Farming Today

*Lee Upton, Dyserotica

Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch
*X.J. Kennedy, On a Young Man’s Remaining an Undergraduate for Twelve Years

40. A Thematic Case Study: Milestones

*Allen Braden, Sweethearts

*Baron Wormser, Shoplifting

*Jan Beatty, My Father Teaches Me To Dream

*Marilyn Nelson, How I Discovered Poetry

*Charles Simic, In the Library

*Trevor West Knapp, Touch

Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage

*Sandra M. Gilbert, How We Didn’t Tell Her

*Anne Carson, Father’s Old Blue Cardigan

*Barbara Crooker, Listening to Her Practice: My Middle Daughter, on the Edge of Adolescence, Learns to Play the Saxophone

Luisa Lopez, Junior Year Abroad

Yusef Komunyakaa, Slam, Dunk, & Hook

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

A Thematic Case Study: Crossing Boundaries

Transcendence and Borders

Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America

Diagram: An 18th Century Slave Ship
Advertisement: A 1784 Slave Auction Poster

Identity and Borders

Pat Mora, Legal Alien

Image: Jacalyn López Garcia, I Just Wanted to be Me

Immigration and Borders
Sandra M. Gilbert, Mafioso
photo: Baggage Examined Here, Ellis Island

Expectations and Borders

Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Indian Movie, New Jersey
Soundtrack cover: Rawal Films, Ladki Pasano Hai (I Like this Girl)

Beauty and Borders

Janice Mirikitani, Recipe

photo: Chiaki Tsukumo, Girl and Licca Doll

Freedom and Borders

Thomas Lynch, Liberty
photo: Alex MacLean, Somerville, Massachusetts

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

41. A Thematic Case Study: The Natural World

*Tom Disch, Birdsong Interpreted

*Jane Hirschfield, Happiness

*Leslie Marmon Silko, Love Poem

*Margaret Atwood, A Holiday

*Maxine Kumin, Though He Tarry

*Gail White, Dead Armadillos

*Dave Lucas, November

*Walt McDonald, Coming Across It

Alden Nowan, The Bull Moose

*Robert B. Shaw, Wild Turkeys

*Edward Hirsch, First Snowfall: Intimations

*Paul Zimmer, What I Know about Owls

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

An Anthology of Poems

42. An Album of Contemporary Poems

Michelle Boisseau, Self-Pity’s Closet

*Eamon Grennan, Herringbone

*Mary Stewart Hammond, High Ground

Tony Hoagland, America
Rachel Loden, Locked Ward, Newtown, Connecticut

Susan Minot, My Husband’s Back

Robert Morgan, Fever Wit
Alberto Ríos, The Gathering Evening

Cathy Song, A Poet in the House

*C.K. Williams, The United States

43. An Album of World Literature

Anna Akhmatova (Russia), Lot’s Wife

Claribel Alegría (El Salvador), I Am Mirror

Yehuda Amichai (Israel), Jerusalem, 1985

*Fazil Hüsnü Daglarca (Turkey), Dead
Mahmoud Darwish (Palestine) Identity Card

*Marne L. Kilates (Philippines), Python in the Mall

Taslima Nasrin (Bangladesh), At the Back of Progress
Pablo Neruda (Chile), The United Fruit Co.

Octavio Paz (Mexico), The Street

Yousif al-Sa’igh (Iraq), An Iraqi Evening

Shu Ting (China), O Motherland, Dear Motherland

Tomas Tranströmer (Sweden), April and Silence

42. A Collection of Poems

Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan

*Craig Arnold, Uncouplings

William Blake, The Garden of Love

William Blake, Infant Sorrow

Anne Bradstreet, Before the Birth of One of Her Children

*Elizabeth Barrett Browning, When Our Two Souls Stand Up Erect and Strong

Robert Browning, Meeting at Night

Robert Browning, Parting at Morning

Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose

George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty

Lucille Clifton, this morning (for the girls of eastern high school)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream

*Wyn Cooper, Puritan Impulse

E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill ’s

John Donne, The Apparition

John Donne, The Flea

George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), In a London Drawingroom

*Katie Ford, Ark

*Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Queer People

Thomas Hardy, Hap

Thomas Hardy, In Time of "The Breaking of Nations"
Frances E. W. Harper, Learning to Read

George Herbert, The Collar
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Hurrahing in Harvest

Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty

Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover

A. E. Houseman, Is my team ploughing

A. E. Houseman, To an Athlete Dying Young

Julia Ward Howe, Battle-Hymn of the Republic

*Andrew Hudgins, The Cadillac in the Attic

Ben Jonson, On My First Son

Ben Jonson, To Celia

John Keats, To One Who has been Long in City Pent

John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be

John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci

*John Keats, Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition

Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus

*Phillis Levin, May Day

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Snow-Flakes

*Edna St. Vincent Millay, First Fig

John Milton, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont

John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent

Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd

*Alberto Rios, Northern Desert Towns in the Turn of the Old Century
Christina Georgina Rossetti, Some Ladies Dress in Muslin Full and White

Christina Georgina Rossetti, In Progress
Christina Georgina Rossetti, The World

Christina Georgina Rossetti, Promises Like Pie-Crust

*Sigfried Sassoon, They

William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold

William Shakespeare, When forty winters shall besiege thy brow

William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes

Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias

Sir Philip Sidney, Loving in Truth, and Fain in Verse My Love to Show

Lydia Huntley Sigourney, Indian Names
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears

Richard Wakefield, In a Poetry Workshop

Walt Whitman, I Heard You Solemn-Sweet Pipes of the Organ

Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer

Walt Whitman, One’s-Self I Sing

Miller Williams, Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS

William Carlos Williams, Spring and All

William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say

William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal

William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
William Wordsworth, It Is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free

William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper

William Wordsworth, Mutability

William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming

William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan

William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium

William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop

DRAMA

The Study of Drama

43. Reading Drama

photo: Arthur Miller

*photo: Josefina Lopez

Reading Drama Responsively

photo: Susan Glaspell

SUSAN GLASPELL, Tri?es

A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of Tri?es

PERSPECTIVE: SUSAN GLASPELL, From the Short Story Version of Tri?es

Elements of Drama

photo: Michael Hollinger

MICHAEL HOLLINGER, Naked Lunch

*photo: Sharon E. Cooper

*SHARON E. COOPER, Mistaken Identity

Drama in Popular Forms

photo: Larry David

LARRY DAVID, "The Pitch," a Seinfeld Episode

PERSPECTIVE: GEOFFREY O’BRIEN, On Seinfeld as Sitcom Moneymaker

44. Writing about Drama

*photo: Jane Anderson

From Reading to Writing

Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing

Plays in Performance

photo: Oedipus the King

photo: Antigone

photo: A Midsummer Night’s Dream

photo: Hamlet

photo: A Doll House

*photo: Real Women Have Curves

*photo: Doubt

photo: Rodeo

*photo: Fences

*photo: Trying to Find Chinatown

photo: Death of a Salesman

*photo: No Child…

photo: Playwriting 101

*photo: Wanda’s Visit

A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Feminist Evidence in Tri?es

45. A Study of Sophocles

photo: Sophocles

photo: Sophocles

map: Map of Ancient Greece

CHRONOLOGY

Theatrical Conventions of Greek Drama

drawing: Classical Greek theater

Tragedy

SOPHOCLES, Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles)

SOPHOCLES, Antigone (Translated by Robert Fagles)

PERSPECTIVES ON SOPHOCLES

ARISTOTLE, On Tragic Character

SIGMUND FREUD, On the Oedipus Complex

SOPHOCLES, Another Translation of a Scene from Oedipus the King

MURIEL RUKEYSER, On Oedipus the King

DAVID WILES, On Oedipus the King as a Political Play

JEAN ANOUILH, A Scene from Antigone (Translated by Lewis Galantière)

MAURICE SAGOFF, A Humorous Distillation of Antigone

TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS

R. G. A. BUXTON, The Major Critical Issue in Antigone

CYNTHIA P. GARDINER, The Function of the Chorus in Antigone

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

46. A Study of William Shakespeare

photo: Laurence Olivier

portrait: William Shakespeare

portrait: William Shakespeare portrait, from the First Folio

portrait: William Shakespeare, the "Chandos Portrait"

image: Shakespeare’s signature

CHRONOLOGY

Shakespeare’s Theater

drawing: The Globe Theatre

The Range of Shakespeare’s Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy

A Note on Reading Shakespeare

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, A Midsummer Night’s Dream

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark

PERSPECTIVES ON SHAKESPEARE

THE MAYOR OF LONDON (1597), Objections to the Elizabethan Theater

LISA JARDINE, On Boy Actors in Female Roles

SAMUEL JOHNSON, On Shakespeare’s Characters

SIGMUND FREUD, On Repression in Hamlet

JAN KOTT, On Producing Hamlet

RUSSELL JACKSON, A Film Diary of the Shooting of Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet

LINDA BAMBER, Feminine Rebellion and Masculine Authority in A Midsummer Night’s Dream

LOUIS ADRIAN MONTROSE, On Amazonian Mythology in A Midsummer Night’s Dream

JAMES KINCAID, On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy

TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS

JOAN MONTGOMERY BYLES, Ophelia’s Desperation

SANDRA K. FISCHER, Ophelia’s Mad Speeches

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

ENCOUNTERING DRAMA: A VISUAL PORTFOLIO

HAMLET IN POPULAR CULTURE AND PERFORMANCE

painting: Hamlet and Horatio in the Cemetery, by Eugène Delacroix

photo: Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet

movie still: Ethan Hawke as Hamlet

movie still: Laurence Olivier as Hamlet

painting: Ophelia: Here is Rosemary, by William Gorman Wills

cartoon: Ophelia, cartoon from The New Yorker, by Lee Lorenz

movie still: Kate Winslet as Ophelia

painting: The Death of Ophelia, by Eugène Delacroix

47. Modern Drama

photo: T. S. Eliot

Realism

Naturalism

Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama

photo: Henrik Ibsen

HENRIK IBSEN, A Doll House (Translated by Rolf Fjelde)

PERSPECTIVE: HENRIK IBSEN, Notes for A Doll House

Beyond Realism

48. A Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House

photo: Henrik Ibsen

PERSPECTIVES

A Nineteenth-Century Husband’s Letter to His Wife

BARRY WITHAM and JOHN LUTTERBIE, A Marxist Approach to A Doll House

CAROL STRONGIN TUFTS, A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora

JOAN TEMPLETON, Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?

Questions for Writing: Applying a Critical Strategy

SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: On the Other Side of the Slammed Door in A Doll House

49. A Thematic Case Study: An Album of Contemporary Humor and Satire

*photo: Christopher Durang

photo: Jane Anderson

JANE ANDERSON, The Reprimand

*CHRISTOPHER DURANG, Wanda’s Visit

*photo: Christopher Durang

DAVID IVES, Moby-Dude, Or: The Three-Minute Whale

photo: David Ives

JANE MARTIN, Rodeo

photo: Rich Orloff

RICH ORLOFF, Playwriting 101: The Rooftop Lesson

A Collection of Plays

50. Plays for Further Reading

photo: August Wilson

photo: Arthur Miller

photo: David Henry Hwang

DAVID HENRY HWANG, Trying to Find Chinatown

*photo: Josefina Lopez

*JOSEFINA LOPEZ, Real Women Have Curves

photo: Arthur Miller

ARTHUR MILLER, Death of a Salesman

PERSPECTIVES

ARTHUR MILLER, Tragedy and the Common Man

ARTHUR MILLER, On Biff and Willy Loman

*JOHN PATRICK SHANLEY, Doubt

*photo: John Patrick Shanley

*NILAJA SUN, No Child…

*photo: Nilaja Sun

photo: August Wilson

AUGUST WILSON, Fences

PERSPECTIVE: DAVID SAVRAN, An Interview with August Wilson

Critical Thinking and Writing

51. Critical Strategies for Reading

photo: Ezra Pound

photo: Margaret Atwood

Critical Thinking

The Literary Canon: Diversity and Controversy

Formalist Strategies

Biographical Strategies

Psychological Strategies

Historical Strategies

Literary History Criticism

Marxist Criticism

New Historicist Criticism

Cultural Criticism

Gender Strategies

Feminist Criticism

Gay and Lesbian Criticism

Mythological Strategies

Reader-Response Strategies

Deconstructionist Strategies

51. Reading and Writing

photo: Dorothy Parker

The Purpose and Value of Writing about Literature

Reading the Work Closely

Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking

Annotated Text

Journal Note

Choosing a Topic

Developing a Thesis

Arguing about Literature

Questions for Arguing about Literature

Organizing a Paper

Writing a Draft

Writing the Introduction and Conclusion

Using Quotations

Revising and Editing

Questions for Writing: A Revision Checklist

Manuscript Form

Types of Writing Assignments

Explication

A SAMPLE STUDENT EXPLICATION: A Reading of Dickinson’s "There’s a certain Slant of light"

EMILY DICKINSON, There’s a certain Slant of light

Analysis

A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: "The A & P" as a State of Mind

Comparison and Contrast

A SAMPLE STUDENT COMPARISON: The Struggle for Women’s Self-De?nition in "Eveline" and A Doll House

52. The Literary Research Paper

photo: Donald Hall

Choosing a Topic

Finding Sources

Annotated List of References

Electronic Sources

Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes

Developing a Thesis and Organizing the Paper

Revising

Documenting Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism

The List of Works Cited

Parenthetical References

A SAMPLE STUDENT RESEARCH PAPER: How the Narrator Cultivates a Rose for Emily

53. Taking Essay Examinations

photo: Cynthia Ozick

Preparing for an Essay Exam

Keep Up with the Reading

Take Notes and Annotate the Text

Anticipate Questions

Types of Exams

Closed-Book versus Open-Book Exams

Essay Questions

Strategies for Writing Essay Exams

Glossary of Literary Terms

Index of First Lines

Index of Authors and Titles

Index of Terms

*new to this edition

Michael Meyer

Michael Meyer has taught writing and literature courses for more than thirty years—since 1981 at the University of Connecticut and before that at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and the College of William and Mary. In addition to being an experienced teacher, Meyer is a highly regarded literary scholar. His scholarly articles have appeared in distinguished journals such as American Literature, Studies in the American Renaissance, and Virginia Quarterly Review. An internationally recognized authority on Henry David Thoreau, Meyer is a former president of the Thoreau Society and coauthor (with Walter Harding) of The New Thoreau Handbook, a standard reference source. The American Studies Association awarded his first book, Several More Lives to Live: Thoreau’s Political Reputation in America, the Ralph Henry Gabriel Prize. . He is also the editor of Frederick Douglass: The Narrative and Selected Writings. He has lectured on a variety of American literary topics from Cambridge University to Peking University. His books for Bedford/St. Martin's include The Bedford Introduction to Literature; The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature; Literature to Go; Poetry: An Introduction; and Thinking and Writing about Literature.