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Practical Argument
Fifth EditionLaurie Kirszner; Stephen Mandell
©2023ISBN:9781319485917
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Real-world arguments made accessible.
More than ever, successful argumentation is a major part of academic successâand has plenty of real-world applications. Practical Argument makes argumentative writing accessible with a step-by-step approach that conveys what you need to know to succeed in your course.
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Learn MoreTable of Contents
CONTENTS
*New to this edition
Prefaceâ
Disciplinary Contentsâ
PART
1 Understanding Argumentâ
An Introduction to Argumentâ
Why Instructors Assign Argument [box]â
Defining Argumentâ
What Kinds of Statements Are Not Debatable? [box]â
Arguments in Real Lifeâ
Winning and Losing Argumentsâ
The Rhetorical Situationâ
Considering the Writerâ
Considering the Purposeâ
Considering the Audienceâ
Considering the Questionâ
Considering the Contextâ
Logos, Pathos, and Ethosâ
The Appeal to Reason (Logos)â
Logos in Actionâ
The Appeal to the Emotions (Pathos)â
Pathos in Actionâ
The Appeal to Authority (Ethos)â
Ethos in Actionâ
The Rhetorical Triangleâ
CHAPTER 1 The Four Pillars of Argumentâ
AT ISSUE Is a College Education Worth the Money?â
The Elements of Argumentâ
Thesis Statementâ
Evidenceâ
Refutationâ
Concluding Statementâ
â CHECKLIST: DOES YOUR ARGUMENT STAND UP?â
NIA TUCKSON, Why Foreign-Language Study Should Be Required [student essay]â
ANDY KESSLER, Learn a Language, But Not a Human Oneâ
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Is a College Education Worth the Money?â
ELLEN RUPPEL SHELL, College May Not Be Worth It Anymoreâ
MARTY NEMKO, We Send Too Many Students to Collegeâ
*DANIEL RIVERA-IBARRA, Paying It Forward Makes Higher Ed Worth the Price
JENNIE LE, What Does It Mean to Be a College Grad?â
*EMMA WHITFORD, Not All Americans Think College Is Worth It
BRYAN CAPLAN, The World Might Be Better Off without College for Everyoneâ
*HUNTER RAWLINGS, College Is Not a Commodity: Stop Treating It Like One
â TEMPLATE FOR STRUCTURING AN ARGUMENTâ
PART
2 Reading and Responding to Argumentsâ
CHAPTER 2 Thinking and Reading Criticallyâ
AT ISSUE Does Recycling Really Accomplish Anything?â
Thinking Criticallyâ
Using Critical-Thinking Skills [box]â
Reading Critically and Activelyâ
Guidelines for Reading Critically [box]â
Previewingâ
Close Readingâ
Comprehension Clues [box]â
JOHN TIERNEY, The Reign of Recyclingâ
Highlightingâ
Suggestions for Highlighting [box]â
LOS ANGELES TIMES EDITORIAL BOARD, Itâs Time to Phase Out Single-Use Plasticâ
Annotatingâ
â CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR ANNOTATINGâ
*JOHN VIDAL, The Solution to the Plastic Waste Crisis? Itâs Not Recycling
JENNY LUNA, We Are So Forkedâ
Writing a Critical Responseâ
â CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL READINGâ
NEENA THOMASON, Response to âItâs Time to Phase Out All Single-Use Plasticâ [student response]â
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A CRITICAL RESPONSEâ
CHAPTER 3 Reading and Responding to Visual Argumentsâ
AT ISSUE Does Recycling Really Accomplish Anything? (continued)â
Visuals versus Visual Arguments [box]â
Reading Visual Argumentsâ
Comprehension Clues [box]â
National Geographic Cover [visual]â
Appeals: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos [box]â
Recycling Bar Graph [graph]â
*Keep Disposable Face Masks and Gloves Out of Our Waterways! [advertisement]â
Recycling Cartoon [cartoon]â
Waste Pie Chart [chart]â
*Recycle Right! [infographic]â
*One-Third of Plastic Packaging Escapes Recycling Systems [advertisement]â
Highlighting and Annotating Visual Argumentsâ
What Goes in the Ocean Goes in You [advertisement]â
Responding Critically to Visual Argumentsâ
â CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR RESPONDING TO VISUAL ARGUMENTSâ
GABRIEL DUNN, Response to âWhat Goes in the Ocean Goes in Youâ [student response]â
â TEMPLATE FOR RESPONDING TO VISUAL ARGUMENTSâ
CHAPTER 4 Writing a Rhetorical Analysisâ
AT ISSUE Does It Make Sense to Shop Ethically?â
What Is a Rhetorical Analysis?â
Overview: âLetter from Birmingham Jailâ by Martin Luther King Jr. [box]â
Considering the Rhetorical Situationâ
Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation [box]â
The Writerâ
Analyzing the Writer [box]â
The Writerâs Purposeâ
Analyzing the Writerâs Purpose [box]â
The Writerâs Audienceâ
Analyzing the Writerâs Audience [box]â
The Questionâ
Analyzing the Question [box]â
The Contextâ
Analyzing the Context [box]â
Considering the Means of Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethosâ
The Appeal to Reason (Logos)â
The Appeal to the Emotions (Pathos)â
The Appeal to Authority (Ethos)â
Considering the Writerâs Rhetorical Strategiesâ
Thesisâ
Organizationâ
Evidenceâ
Stylistic Techniquesâ
Assessing the Argumentâ
â CHECKLIST: PREPARING TO WRITE A RHETORICAL ANALYSISâ
Sample Rhetorical Analysisâ
DANA THOMAS, Terrorâs Purse Stringsâ
DENIZ BILGUTAY, A Powerful Call to Action [student essay]â
RAJEEV RAVISANKAR, Sweatshop Oppressionâ
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A RHETORICAL ANALYSISâ
JEROME SIEGER, Sweatshops Are Goodâ
CHAPTER 5 Understanding Logic and Recognizing Logical Fallaciesâ
AT ISSUE How Free Should Free Speech Be?â
What Is Deductive Reasoning?â
Constructing Sound Syllogismsâ
Syllogism with an Illogical Middle Termâ
Syllogism with a Key Term Whose Meaning Shiftsâ
Syllogism with Negative Premiseâ
Recognizing Enthymemesâ
Bumper-Sticker Thinking [box]â
Writing Deductive Argumentsâ
CRYSTAL SANCHEZ, College Should Be for Everyone [student essay]â
What Is Inductive Reasoning?â
Reaching Inductive Conclusions [box]â
Making Inferencesâ
Constructing Strong Inductive Argumentsâ
Generalization Too Broadâ
Atypical Evidenceâ
Irrelevant Evidenceâ
Exceptions to the Ruleâ
Writing Inductive Argumentsâ
*IAN AYRES, Until Iâm Told Otherwise, I Prefer to Call You âTheyâ
Recognizing Logical Fallaciesâ
Begging the Questionâ
Circular Reasoningâ
Weak Analogyâ
Ad Hominem Fallacy (Personal Attack)â
Creating a Straw Manâ
Hasty or Sweeping Generalization (Jumping to a Conclusion)â
Either/Or Fallacy (False Dilemma)â
Equivocationâ
Red Herringâ
Slippery Slopeâ
You Also (Tu Quoque)â
Appeal to Doubtful Authorityâ
Misuse of Statisticsâ
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (After This, Therefore Because of This)â
Non Sequitur (It Does Not Follow)â
Bandwagon Fallacyâ
PATRICK J. BUCHANAN, Immigration Time-Outâ
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE How Free Should Free Speech Be?
*ARIZONA BAR FOUNDATION, Freedom of Speech: What It Is and What It Isnât
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS, On Freedom of Expression and Campus Speech Codesâ
*SARA LAVENDUSKI, âFree Speechâ Comes with a Price
*PRAVEEN NAIR, Social Media Bans Are about More Than Just Free Speech
*TYLER WATKINS, How Free Should Free Speech Be?â
Visual Argument: Football Players Kneeling [photograph]â
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTâ
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTâ
CHAPTER 6 Rogerian Argument, Toulmin Logic, and Oral Argumentsâ
*AT ISSUE Why Arenât STEM Fields More Diverse?â
Understanding Rogerian Argumentâ
Structuring Rogerian Argumentsâ
Writing Rogerian Argumentsâ
ZOYA KAHN, Why Cell Phones Do Not Belong in the Classroom [student essay]â
Understanding Toulmin Logicâ
Constructing Toulmin Argumentsâ
Writing Toulmin Argumentsâ
JEN DAVIS, Competitive Cheerleaders Are Athletes [student essay]â
Understanding Oral Argumentsâ
Planning an Oral Argumentâ
â CHECKLIST: DESIGNING AND DISPLAYING VISUALSâ
Delivering Oral Argumentsâ
Dealing with Nervousness [box]â
Composing an Oral Argumentâ
*Choosing Presentation Tools [box]â
CHANTEE STEELE, An Argument in Support of the âGap Yearâ [student speech]â
*READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Why Arenât STEM Fields More Diverse?â
STUART REGES, Why Women Donât Codeâ
BARBARA OAKLEY, Why Do Women Shun STEM? Itâs Complicatedâ
*MEREDITH REICHES AND SARAH S. RICHARDSON, We Dug into Data to Disprove a Myth about Women in STEM
*MARIA TEMMING, STEMâs Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Gaps Are Still Strikingly Large
*BARBARA MORAN, Is Science Too Straight?
*Visual Argument: Diversity in STEM [poster]
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A ROGERIAN ARGUMENTâ
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A TOULMIN ARGUMENTâ
PART
3 Writing an Argumentative Essayâ
CHAPTER 7 Planning, Drafting, and Revising an Argumentative Essayâ
AT ISSUE Should All College Campuses Go Green?â
Choosing a Topicâ
Topics to Avoidâ
Thinking about Your Topicâ
Freewritingâ
Brainstormingâ
Clusteringâ
Informal Outlineâ
Drafting a Thesis Statementâ
*Types of Claims [box]â
Understanding Your Purpose and Audienceâ
Gathering Evidenceâ
Evaluating the Evidence in Your Sourcesâ
Detecting Bias in Your Sourcesâ
Using Visuals as Evidence [box]â
Refuting Opposing Argumentsâ
Strategies for Refuting Opposing Argumentsâ
Revising Your Thesis Statementâ
Structuring Your Essayâ
Supplying Background Information [box]â
Using Induction and Deductionâ
*Identifying a Strategy for Your Argument: Applying Stasis Theoryâ
Constructing a Formal Outlineâ
Establishing Credibilityâ
Being Well Informedâ
Being Reasonableâ
Being Fairâ
Maintaining Your Credibility [box]â
Drafting Your Essayâ
Suggested Transitions for Argument [box]â
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: USING PARALLELISMâ
Revising Your Essayâ
Asking Questionsâ
â CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAYâS PURPOSE AND AUDIENCEâ
â CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAYâS STRUCTURE AND STYLEâ
â CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAYâS SUPPORTING EVIDENCEâ
Using Outlines and Templatesâ
Getting Feedbackâ
Guidelines for Peer Review [box]â
Polishing Your Essayâ
Editing and Proofreadingâ
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: CONTRACTIONS VERSUS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNSâ
Choosing a Titleâ
Checking Formatâ
SHAWN HOLTON, Going Green [student essay]â
PART
4 Using Sources to Support Your Argumentâ
CHAPTER 8 Finding and Evaluating Sourcesâ
*AT ISSUE How Concerned Should We Be about Our Privacy in the Digital Age?â
Finding Sourcesâ
Finding Information in the Libraryâ
Finding Information on the Internetâ
Using Google Scholar [box]â
Evaluating Sourcesâ
*TATUM HUNTER, QR Codes Are a Privacy ProblemâBut Not for the Reasons Youâve Heard
*EDWARD J. MARKEY AND ORRIN HATCH, Protecting Student Privacy in the Digital Age
Evaluating Websitesâ
Reliable versus Unreliable Websites [box]â
Using a Siteâs URL to Assess Its Objectivity [box]â
Avoiding Confirmation Bias [box]â
*THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION, Home Page [website]â
*INSTYLE MAGAZINE, Home Page [website]â
*DAVID HUDSON, Student-Athletes Have a Right to Peaceful Protest
CHAPTER 9 Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Synthesizing Sourcesâ
AT ISSUE How Concerned Should We Be about Our Privacy in the Digital Age? (continued)â
Summarizing Sourcesâ
When to Summarize [box]â
Summarizing Sources [box]â
Paraphrasing Sourcesâ
When to Paraphrase [box]â
Paraphrasing Sources [box]â
Quoting Sourcesâ
When to Quote [box]â
Quoting Sources [box]â
SHELLEY FRALIC, Donât Fall for the Myths about Online Privacyâ
Working Source Material into Your Argumentâ
Using Identifying Tagsâ
Templates for Using Identifying Tags [box]â
Working Quotations into Your Sentencesâ
Distorting Quotations [box]â
Synthesizing Sourcesâ
Synthesizing Sources [box]â
CHAPTER 10 Documenting Sources: MLAâ
Why Document Sources? [box]â
Using In-Text Citationsâ
Preparing the Works-Cited Listâ
What to Include in a Works-Cited Entry [box]
Periodicalsâ
Booksâ
Visual, Audio, and Multimedia Sourcesâ
Internet Sourcesâ
Other Sources
MLA Paper Guidelines [box]â
ERIN BLAINE, Should Data Posted on Social-Networking Sites Be âFair Gameâ for Employers? [model MLA paper]â
CHAPTER 11 Using Sources Responsiblyâ
*AT ISSUE What Should Be Done about Plagiarism?â
Understanding Plagiarismâ
Two Definitions of Plagiarism [box]â
Intentional Plagiarism [box]â
Avoiding Unintentional Plagiarismâ
Internet Sources and Plagiarism [box]â
Knowing What to Documentâ
ERIKA RAMIREZ, When BeyoncĂ©âs Inspiration Turns into Imitationâ
Revising to Eliminate Plagiarismâ
*READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE What Should Be Done about Plagiarism?â
TRIP GABRIEL, Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Ageâ
JENNIFER MOTT-SMITH, Bad Idea about Writing: Plagiarism Deserves to Be Punishedâ
*SUSAN H. GREENBERG, Why Colleges Should Ditch Honor Codes
RICHARD A. POSNER, The Truth about Plagiarismâ
*ELIZABETH REDDEN, Cheating across Cultures
*Visual Argument: Website Advertising Term Papers for Sale
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN ARGUMENT ABOUT PLAGIARISMâ
â WRITING ARGUMENTS: WHAT SHOULD BE DONE ABOUT PLAGIARISM?â
PART
5 Strategies for Argumentâ
CHAPTER 12 Definition Argumentsâ
AT ISSUE Why Do We Need to Define Fake News?â
What Is a Definition Argument?â
Developing Definitionsâ
Dictionary Definitions (Formal Definitions)â
Extended Definitionsâ
Operational Definitionsâ
Structuring a Definition Argumentâ
ADAM KENNEDY, Why I Am a Nontraditional Student [student essay]â
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: AVOIDING IS WHERE AND IS WHENâ
EJ GARR, Athlete vs. Role Modelâ
Firefighters at Ground Zero [photograph]â
The Tuskegee Airmen [photograph]â
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Why Do We Need to Define Fake News?â
*JACOB SOLL, The Long and Brutal History of Fake Newsâ
*BRIAN RIEDL, The âFactsâ We Take on Faith
*JOSHUA HABGOOD-COOTE, The Term âFake Newsâ Is Doing Great Harm
KATIE LANGIN, Fake News Spreads Faster Than True News on Twitterâ
KALEV LEETARU, How Data and Information Literacy Could End Fake Newsâ
Visual Argumentâ
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A DEFINITION ARGUMENTâ
WRITING DEFINITION ARGUMENTSâ
CHAPTER 13 Cause-and-Effect Argumentsâ
AT ISSUE Does Social Media Bring Us Together or Drive Us Apart?â
What Is a Cause-and-Effect Argument?â
Bumper Stickers [photograph]â
Understanding Cause-and-Effect Relationshipsâ
Main and Contributory Causesâ
Immediate and Remote Causesâ
Causal Chainsâ
Key Words for Cause-and-Effect Arguments [box]â
Post Hoc Reasoningâ
Structuring a Cause-and-Effect Argumentâ
KRISTINA MIALKI, Texting: A Boon, Not a Threat, to Language [student essay]â
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: AVOIDING âTHE REASON IS BECAUSEââ
PEGGY ORENSTEIN, Should the World of Toys Be Gender-Free?â
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Does Social Media Bring Us Together or Drive Us Apart?â
*KELLY CHRIST, Finding Meaning in Social Media Activism
DAVID LUDDEN, Does Using Social Media Make You Lonely?â
*SARAH J. JACKSON, Twitter Made Us Better
SHERRY TURKLE, The Flight from Conversationâ
ROBERT WEISS, Closer Together or Further Apart? Digital Devices and the New Generation Gapâ
*Visual Argument: Social Media Activism [illustration]â
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A CAUSE-AND-EFFECT ARGUMENTâ
â WRITING CAUSE-AND-EFFECT ARGUMENTSâ
CHAPTER 14 Evaluation Argumentsâ
*AT ISSUE How Serious a Problem Is Climate Change?
What Is an Evaluation Argument?â
Making Evaluations [box]â
Identifying Bias [box]â
Criteria for Evaluationâ
Structuring an Evaluation Argumentâ
KEVIN MURPHY, Evaluation of a Website: RateMyProfessors.com [student essay]â
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVESâ
ERIC KLINENBERG, To Restore Civil Society, Start with the Libraryâ
*READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE How Serious a Problem Is Climate Change?
*ADAM BRUMER, Climate Change Is an Education Emergency
*SAMANTHA HARRINGTON, How Climate Change Threatens Public Health
*IVANA RAMIREZ, What Is Environmental Racism? Ten Facts about How It Works
*MICHAEL SHELLENBERGER, Why Apocalyptic Claims about Climate Change Are Wrong
BARBARA HURD, Fracking: A Fableâ
*Visual Argument: Plastic Man [photograph]
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN EVALUATION ARGUMENTâ
â WRITING EVALUATION ARGUMENTSâ
CHAPTER 15 Ethical Argumentsâ515
*AT ISSUE Do Confederate Monuments Belong in Public Spaces?
What Is an Ethical Argument?â
Stating an Ethical Principleâ
Ethics versus Lawâ
Differences between Laws and Ethics [box]
Understanding Ethical Dilemmasâ
TREADLIGHTLY.ORG, Ride Hard, Tread Lightly [advertisement]â
PETA, Adopt, Donât Buy [advertisement]â
Structuring an Ethical Argumentâ
CHRIS MUĂOZ, Are Colleges Doing Enough for Nontraditional Students? [student essay]â
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: SUBORDINATION AND COORDINATIONâ
SHUBHANKAR CHHOKRA, The Ethical Case for Eating Animalsâ
*READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Do Confederate Monuments Belong in Public Spaces?
*TONY CARTLEDGE, Are We Erasing HistoryâOr Cementing It?
*SUE EISENFELD, Should We Remove Confederate MonumentsâEven If Theyâre Artistically Valuable?
*TYLER PARRY, Conservatives Are Once Again Trying to Erase Black History
*MITCH LANDRIEU, Speech on the Removal of Confederate Monuments in New Orleans
*KAREN FINNEY, Iâm Black. Robert E. Lee Is My Relative. His Statues Canât Come Down Soon Enough.
*Visual Argument [cartoon]
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN ETHICAL ARGUMENTâ
â WRITING ETHICAL ARGUMENTSâ
CHAPTER 16 Proposal Argumentsâ
AT ISSUE Should the Government Do More to Relieve the Student-Loan Burden?â
What Is a Proposal Argument?â
PETA, If You Wouldnât Wear Your Dog . . . Please Donât Wear Any Fur [advertisement]â
Problem-Solving Strategies [box]â
Stating the Problemâ
Proposing a Solutionâ
Demonstrating That Your Solution Will Workâ
Establishing Feasibilityâ
Discussing Benefitsâ
Refuting Opposing Argumentsâ
BERNIE SANDERS, Why Medicare-for-All Is Good for Businessâ
Structuring a Proposal Argumentâ
MELISSA BURRELL, Colleges Need Honor Codes [student essay]â
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: WILL VERSUS WOULDâ
MICHELLE WU, The Road to Fear-Free Biking in Bostonâ
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Should the Government Do More to Relieve the Student-Loan Burden?â
RANA FOROOHAR, The US College Debt Bubble Is Becoming Dangerousâ
RICHARD VEDDER, Forgive Student Loans?â
*JASON D. DELISLE AND ODED GURANTZ, Why Student Loans Are Actually a Good Thing
*JULIA PIPER, Student Debt Is Worse for Women
SAM ADOLPHSEN, Donât Blame the Governmentâ
*Visual Argument: Minds Can Achieve Anything [advertisement]â
â TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A PROPOSAL ARGUMENTâ
â WRITING PROPOSAL ARGUMENTSâ
PART
6 Debates, Casebooks, and Classic Argumentsâ
DEBATES
CHAPTER 17 Should We Embrace Self-Driving Cars?â
KARL IAGNEMMA, Why We Have the Ethics of Self-Driving Cars All Wrongâ
OLIVIA GOLDHILL, Should Driverless Cars Kill Their Own Passengers to Save a Pedestrian?â
*CHAPTER 18 Do Students Really Need Trigger Warnings?â
*MICHAEL BUGEJA, Updating Trigger Warnings in Contentious Times
*ANNA KHALID AND JEFFREY AARON SNYDER, The Data Is InâTrigger Warnings Donât Work
*CHAPTER 19 Should We Stop Eating Meat?
*PETA, Fight the Climate Crisis by Going Vegan
*BJORN LOMBORG, Donât Let Vegetarian Environmentalists Shame You for Eating MeatâScience Is on Your Side
CHAPTER 20 Should the United States Establish a Universal Basic Income?â
CHRISTIAN BOT, A Conservative Case for Universal Basic Incomeâ
GEORGE ZARKADAKIS, The Case against Universal Basic Incomeâ
CASEBOOKS
*CHAPTER 21 Should All Voters Be Required to Present Identification?
*ACLU, Oppose Voter ID Legislation
*BURGESS OWENS ET AL., Why We Black Leaders Support Voter ID Laws
*MOLLY J. McGRATH, Fighting Voter ID Laws in the Courts Isnât Enough
*ROSS DOUTHAT, The Myths of Voter ID
*Visual Argument: Vote Here [illustration]
CHAPTER 22 How Should We Solve the Opioid Problem?â
*SAM QUINONES, Who Is Responsible for the Opioid Crisis, and Who Ultimately Pays?
*ABDULLAH SHIHIPAR, The Opioid Crisis Isnât White
*MAIA SZALAVITZ, Weâre Overlooking a Major Culprit in the Opioid Crisis
PETER MOORE, The Other Opioid Crisisâ
Visual Argument: Know Your Source [advertisement]â
CHAPTER 23 Should the United States Have Open Borders?â
RICHARD D. LAMM AND PHILIP CAFARO, The Liberal Case for Reducing Immigrationâ
JOHN LEE, Secure the U.S.-Mexico Border: Open Itâ
*ANNA O. LAW, The Myth of âOpen Bordersâ
*FIDEL MARTINEZ, The Trouble with the Border âCrisisâ
*Visual Argument: Refugees [photograph]â
CHAPTER 24 Does It Pay to Study the Humanities?â
*SANTIAGO RAMOS, The Humanities May Seem Pointless, But That Is the Point
ANTHONY P. CARNEVALE AND MICHELLE MELTON, Major Differences: Why Undergraduate Majors Matterâ
*BELINDA PARMAR, I Wasted Four Years of My LifeâDonât Make the Same Mistake
*ALAINA JOBY, Dear Future Scientists: The Humanities Are Not a âHobbyâ
*Visual Argument: STEM vs. Humanities [illustration]â
CLASSIC ARGUMENTS
CHAPTER 25 â
PLATO, The Allegory of the Caveâ
ANDREW MARVELL, To His Coy Mistressâ
JONATHAN SWIFT, A Modest Proposalâ
THOMAS JEFFERSON, The Declaration of Independenceâ
ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutionsâ
*FREDERICK DOUGLASS, The Destiny of Colored Americans
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, The Gettysburg Addressâ
GEORGE ORWELL, Politics and the English Languageâ
RACHEL CARSON, The Obligation to Endureâ
*APPENDIX A Combining Argumentative Strategiesâ
ROBERT M. FRANKLIN, RFKâs Still a Leadership Role Model for Youthâ
APPENDIX B Writing Literary Argumentsâ
What Is a Literary Argument?â
Stating an Argumentative Thesisâ
Choosing Evidenceâ
Writing a Literary Argumentâ
MEGAN McGOVERN, Confessions of a Misunderstood Poem: An Analysis of âThe Road Not Takenâ [student essay]â
LOREN MARTINEZ, Not Just a âGirlâ [student essay]â
APPENDIX C Documenting Sources: APAâ
Using In-Text Citationsâ
Preparing a Reference Listâ
Examples of APA References
Periodicalsâ
Booksâ
Internet Sourcesâ
Student Essayâ
APA Paper Guidelines [box]â
DENIZ BILGUTAY, The High Cost of Cheap Counterfeit Goods [model APA paper]â
Glossaryâ
Acknowledgmentsâ
Subject Indexâ
Index of Titles and Authorsâ