A History of Western Society, Value Edition, Combined

The Combined Volume includes all chapters.　
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-16.　
Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-30.

Preface
Maps and Figures
Special Features

Chapter 1: Origins, to 1200 B.C.E.
What do we mean by “the West” and “Western civilization”?
  Describing the West
  What Is Civilization?
How did early human societies create new technologies and cultural forms?
  From the First Hominids to the Paleolithic Era
  Domestication
  Implications of Agriculture
  Trade and Cross-Cultural Connections
What kind of civilization did the Sumerians build in Mesopotamia?
  Environment and Mesopotamian Development
  The Invention of Writing and the First Schools
  Religion in Mesopotamia
  Sumerian Politics and Society
How did the Akkadian and Old Babylonian empires develop in Mesopotamia?
  The Akkadians and the Babylonians
  Life Under Hammurabi
  Cultural Exchange in the Fertile Crescent
How did the Egyptians establish a prosperous and long-lasting society?  
  The Nile and the God-King
  Egyptian Religion
  Egyptian Society and Work
  Egyptian Family Life
  The Hyksos and New Kingdom Revival
  Conflict and Cooperation with the Hittites
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD  
Chapter 1 Review

Chapter 2: Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires in the Near East, 1200–510 B.C.E. 
How did iron technology shape new states after 1200 B.C.E.?  
  Iron Technology
  The Decline of Egypt and the Emergence of Kush
  The Rise of Phoenicia
How did the Hebrews create an enduring religious tradition?  
  The Hebrew State
  The Jewish Religion
  Hebrew Family and Society
How did the Assyrians and Neo-Babylonians gain and lose power?  
  Assyria’s Long Road to Power
  Assyrian Rule and Culture
  The Neo-Babylonian Empire
How did the Persians conquer and rule their extensive empire?  
  Consolidation of the Persian Empire
  Persian Religion
  Persian Art and Culture
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD  
Chapter 2 Review

Chapter 3: The Development of Greek Society and Culture, ca. 3000–338 B.C.E. 
How did the geography of Greece shape its earliest kingdoms?  
  Geography and Settlement
  The Minoans
  The Mycenaeans
  Homer, Hesiod, and the Epic
What was the role of the polis in Greek society?  
  Organization of the Polis
  Governing Structures
  Overseas Expansion
  The Growth of Sparta
  The Evolution of Athens
How did the wars of the classical period shape Greek history?  
  The Persian Wars
  Growth of the Athenian Empire
  The Peloponnesian War
  The Struggle for Dominance
  Philip II and Macedonian Supremacy
What ancient Greek ideas and ideals have had a lasting influence?  
  Athenian Arts in the Age of Pericles
  Households and Work
  Gender and Sexuality
  Public and Personal Religion
  The Flowering of Philosophy
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD  
Chapter 3 Review

Chapter 4: Life in the Hellenistic World, 338–30 B.C.E. 
How and why did Alexander the Great create an empire, and how did it evolve?
  Military Campaigns
  The Political Legacy
How did Greek ideas and traditions spread to create a Hellenized society?
  Urban Life
  Greeks in Hellenistic Cities
  Greeks and Non-Greeks
What characterized the Hellenistic economy?   
  Rural Life
  Production of Goods
  Commerce
How did religion, philosophy, and the arts reflect and shape Hellenistic life?  
  Religion and Magic
  Hellenism and the Jews
  Philosophy and the People
  Art and Drama
How did science and medicine serve the needs of Hellenistic society?
  Science
  Medicine
Chapter 4 Review

Chapter 5: The Rise of Rome, ca. 1000–27 B.C.E. 
How did the Romans become the dominant power in Italy? 
  The Geography of Italy
  The Etruscans
  The Founding of Rome
  The Roman Conquest of Italy
What were the key institutions of the Roman Republic?  
  The Roman State
  Social Conflict in Rome
How did the Romans build a Mediterranean empire?  
  The Punic Wars
  Rome Turns East
How did expansion affect Roman society and culture?  
  Roman Families
  New Social Customs and Greek Influence
  Opposing Views: Cato the Elder and Scipio Aemilianus
What led to the fall of the Roman Republic?  
  The Countryside and Land Reforms
  Political Violence
  Civil War and the Rise of Julius Caesar
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD  
Chapter 5 Review

Chapter 6: The Roman Empire, 27 B.C.E.–284 C.E.
How did Augustus and Roman elites create a foundation for the Roman Empire?
  Augustus and His Allies
  Roman Expansion
  Latin Literature
  Marriage and Morality
How did the Roman state develop after Augustus?
  The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians
  The Nerva-Antonine Dynasty
What was life like in the city of Rome and in the provinces?
  Life in Imperial Rome
  Approaches to Urban Problems
  Popular Entertainment
  Prosperity in the Roman Provinces
  Trade and Commerce
How did Christianity grow into a major religious movement?
  Factors Behind the Rise of Christianity
  The Life and Teachings of Jesus
  The Spread of Christianity
  The Growing Acceptance and Evolution of Christianity
What political and economic problems did Rome face in the third century C.E.?
  Civil Wars and Military Commanders
  Turmoil in Economic Life
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 6 Review

Chapter 7: Late Antiquity, 250–600
  How did Diocletian and Constantine try to reform the empire?
  Political Measures
  Economic Issues
  The Acceptance of Christianity
How did the Christian Church become a major force in the Mediterranean and Europe?
  The Church and Its Leaders
  The Development of Christian Monasticism
  Monastery Life
  Christianity and Classical Culture
  Christian Notions of Gender and Sexuality
  Saint Augustine on Human Nature, Will, and Sin
What were the key characteristics of barbarian society?
  Village and Family Life
  Tribes and Hierarchies
  Customary and Written Law
  Celtic and Germanic Religion
How did the barbarian migrations shape Europe?
  Celtic and Germanic People in Gaul and Britain
  Visigoths and Huns
  Germanic Kingdoms and the End of the Roman Empire
How did the church convert barbarian peoples to Christianity?
  Missionaries’ Actions
  The Process of Conversion
How did the Byzantine Empire preserve the legacy of Rome?
  Sources of Byzantine Strength
  The Law Code of Justinian
  Byzantine Learning and Science
  The Orthodox Church
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 7 Review

Chapter 8: Europe in the Early Middle Ages, 600–1000
What were the origins of Islam, and what impact did it have on Europe as it spread?
  The Culture of the Arabian Peninsula
  The Prophet Muhammad
  The Teachings and Expansion of Islam
  Sunni and Shi’a Divisions
  Life in Muslim Spain
  Muslim-Christian Encounters
  Cross-Cultural Influences in Science and Medicine
How did the Franks build and govern a European empire?
  The Merovingians
  The Rise of the Carolingians
  The Warrior-Ruler Charlemagne
  Carolingian Government and Society
  The Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne
What were the significant intellectual and cultural developments in Charlemagne’s era?
  The Carolingian Renaissance
  Northumbrian Learning and Writing
How did the ninth-century invasions and migrations shape Europe?
  Vikings in Western Europe
  Slavs and Vikings in Eastern Europe
  Magyars and Muslims
How and why did Europe become politically and economically decentralized in this period?
  Decentralization and the Origins of “Feudalism”
  Manorialism, Serfdom, and the Slave Trade
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 8 Review

Chapter 9: State and Church in the High Middle Ages, 1000–1300
How did monarchs try to centralize political power?
  England
  France
  Central Europe
  Italy
  The Iberian Peninsula
How did the administration of law evolve in this period?
  Local Laws and Royal Courts
  The Magna Carta
  Law in Everyday Life
What were the political and social roles of nobles?
  Origins and Status of the Nobility
  Training, Marriage, and Inheritance
  Power and Responsibility
How did the papacy reform the church, and what were the reactions to these efforts?
  The Gregorian Reforms
  Emperor Versus Pope
  Criticism and Heresy
  The Popes and Church Law
What roles did monks, nuns, and friars play in medieval society?
  Monastic Revival
  Life in Convents and Monasteries
  The Friars
What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Crusades and the broader expansion of Christianity?
  Background and Motives of the Crusades
  The Course of the Crusades
  Consequences of the Crusades
  The Expansion of Christianity
  Christendom
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 9 Review

Chapter 10: Life in Villages and Cities of the High Middle Ages, 1000–1300
What was village life like in medieval Europe?
  Serfdom and Social Mobility
  The Manor
  Work
  Home Life
  Childbirth and Childhood
How did religion shape everyday life in the High Middle Ages?
  Christian Life in Medieval Villages
  Saints and Sacraments
  Muslims and Jews
  Rituals of Marriage and Birth
  Death and the Afterlife
What led to Europe’s economic growth and reurbanization?
  The Rise of Towns
  Merchant and Craft Guilds
  The Revival of Long-Distance Trade
  Business Procedures
  The Commercial Revolution
What was life like in medieval cities?
  City Life
  Servants and the Poor
  Popular Entertainment
How did universities serve the needs of medieval society?
  Origins
  Legal and Medical Training
  Theology and Philosophy
  University Students
How did literature and architecture express medieval values?
  Vernacular Literature and Drama
  Churches and Cathedrals
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 10 Review

Chapter 11: The Later Middle Ages, 1300–1450
How did climate change shape the late Middle Ages?
  Climate Change and Famine
  Social Consequences
How did the plague affect European society?
  Pathology
  Spread of the Disease
  Care of the Sick
  Economic, Religious, and Cultural Effects
What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Hundred Years’ War?
  Causes
  English Successes
  Joan of Arc and France’s Victory
  Aftermath
Why did the church come under increasing criticism?
  The Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism
  Critiques, Divisions, and Councils
  Lay Piety and Mysticism
What explains the social unrest of the late Middle Ages?
  Peasant Revolts
  Urban Conflicts
  Sex in the City
  Fur-Collar Crime
  Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions
  Literacy and Vernacular Literature
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 11 Review

Chapter 12: European Society in the Age of the Renaissance, 1350–1550
How did political and economic developments in Italy shape the Renaissance?
  Trade and Prosperity
  Communes and Republics of Northern Italy
  City-States and the Balance of Power
What new ideas were associated with the Renaissance?
  Humanism
  Education
  Political Thought
  Christian Humanism
  The Printed Word
How did art reflect new Renaissance ideals?
  Patronage and Power
  Changing Artistic Styles
  The Renaissance Artist
What were the key social hierarchies in Renaissance Europe?
  Race and Slavery
  Wealth and the Nobility
  Gender Roles
How did nation-states develop in this period?
  France
  England
  Spain
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 12 Review

Chapter 13: Reformations and Religious Wars, 1500–1600
What were the central ideas of the reformers, and why were they appealing to different social groups?
  The Christian Church in the Early Sixteenth Century
  Martin Luther
  Protestant Thought
  The Appeal of Protestant Ideas
  The Radical Reformation and the German Peasants’ War
  Marriage, Sexuality, and the Role of Women
How did the political situation in Germany shape the course of the Reformation?
  The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty
  Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany
How did Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands?
  Scandinavia
  Henry VIII and the Reformation in England
  Upholding Protestantism in England
  Calvinism
  The Reformation in Eastern Europe
What reforms did the Catholic Church make, and how did it respond to Protestant reform movements?
  Papal Reform and the Council of Trent
  New and Reformed Religious Orders
What were the causes and consequences of religious violence, including riots, wars, and witch-hunts?
  French Religious Wars
  The Netherlands Under Charles V
  The Great European Witch-Hunt
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 13 Review

Chapter 14: European Exploration and Conquest, 1450–1650
What was the Afro-Eurasian trading world before Columbus?
  The Trade World of the Indian Ocean
  The Trading States of Africa
  The Middle East
  Genoese and Venetian Middlemen
How and why did Europeans undertake ambitious voyages of expansion?
  Causes of European Expansion
  Technology and the Rise of Exploration
  The Portuguese Overseas Empire
  Spain’s Voyages to the Americas
  Spain “Discovers” the Pacific
  Early Exploration by Northern European Powers
What was the impact of European conquest on the New World?
  Conquest of the Aztec Empire
  The Fall of the Incas
  Portuguese Brazil
  Colonial Empires of England and France
  Colonial Administration
How did Europe and the world change after Columbus?
  Economic Exploitation of the Indigenous Population
  Society in the Colonies
  Population Loss and the Ecological Impacts of Contact
  Sugar and Slavery
  Spanish Silver and Its Economic Effects
  The Birth of the Global Economy
How did expansion change European attitudes and beliefs?
  Religious Conversion
  European Debates About Indigenous Peoples
  New Ideas About Race
  Michel de Montaigne and Cultural Curiosity
  William Shakespeare and His Influence
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 14 Review

Chapter 15: Absolutism and Constitutionalism, ca. 1589–1725
What were the crises and achievements of seventeenth-century European states?
  The Social Order and Peasant Life
  Environmental, Economic, and Social Crisis
  The Thirty Years’ War
  State-Building and the Growth of Armies
  Baroque Art and Music
What was absolutism, and how did it evolve in western and central Europe?
  The Decline of Absolutist Spain in the Seventeenth Century
  The Foundations of French Absolutism
  Louis XIV and Absolutism
  Life at Versailles
  Louis XIV’s Wars
  The French Economic Policy of Mercantilism
What explains the rise of absolutism in Prussia and Austria?
  The Return of Serfdom
  The Austrian Habsburgs
  Prussia in the Seventeenth Century
  The Consolidation of Prussian Absolutism
What were the distinctive features of Russian and Ottoman absolutism?
  Mongol Rule in Russia and the Rise of Moscow
  Building the Russian Empire
  The Reforms of Peter the Great
  The Ottoman Empire
What were alternatives to absolutism in early modern Europe?
  The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
  The Failure of Absolutism in England
  The Puritan Protectorate
  The Restoration of the English Monarchy
  Constitutional Monarchy
  The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 15 Review

Chapter 16: Toward a New Worldview, 1540–1789
What revolutionary discoveries were made in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
  Contributions from the Muslim World
  Scientific Thought to 1500
  The Copernican Hypothesis
  Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo: Proving Copernicus Right
  Newton’s Synthesis
  Natural History and Empire
  Magic and Alchemy
What intellectual and social changes occurred as a result of the Scientific Revolution?
  The Methods of Science: Bacon and Descartes
  Medicine, the Body, and Chemistry
  Science and Religion
  Science and Society
How did the Enlightenment emerge, and what were major currents of Enlightenment thought?
  The Early Enlightenment
  The Influence of the Philosophes
  Enlightenment Movements Across Europe
How did the Enlightenment change social ideas and practices?
  Global Contacts
  Enlightenment Debates About Race
  Women and the Enlightenment
  Urban Culture and Life in the Public Sphere
What impact did new ways of thinking have on politics?
  Frederick the Great of Prussia
  Catherine the Great of Russia
  The Austrian Habsburgs
  Jewish Life and the Limits of Enlightened Absolutism
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 16 Review

Chapter 17: The Expansion of Europe, 1650–1800
Why did European agriculture grow between 1650 and 1800?
  The Legacy of the Open-Field System
  New Methods of Agriculture
  The Leadership of the Low Countries and England
Why did the European population rise dramatically in the eighteenth century?
  Long-Standing Obstacles to Population Growth
  The New Pattern of the Eighteenth Century
How and why did rural industry intensify in the eighteenth century?
  The Putting-Out System
  The Lives of Rural Textile Workers
  The Industrious Revolution
What important changes occurred in economic thought and practice in the eighteenth century?
  Economic Regulation and the Guilds
  The Financial Revolution
  Adam Smith and Economic Liberalism
How did empire and trade shape new economic, cultural, and social developments?
  Mercantilism and Colonial Competition
  The Atlantic Economy
  The Transatlantic Slave Trade
  Identities and Communities of the Atlantic World
  The Atlantic Enlightenment
  Trade and Empire in Asia and the Pacific
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 17 Review

Chapter 18: Life in the Era of Expansion, 1650–1800
How did marriage and family life change in the eighteenth century?
  Late Marriage and Nuclear Families
  Work Away from Home
  Contraception and Community Controls
  New Patterns of Marriage and Illegitimacy
  Sex on the Margins of Society
What was life like for children, and how did attitudes toward childhood evolve?
  Child Care and Nursing
  Foundlings and Infanticide
  Attitudes Toward Children
  The Spread of Elementary Schools
How did increasing literacy and new patterns of consumption affect people’s lives?
  Popular Literature
  Leisure and Recreation
  New Foods and Appetites
  Toward a Consumer Society
What role did religion play in eighteenth-century society?
  Church Hierarchy
  Protestant Revival
  Catholic Piety
  Marginal Beliefs and Practices
How did the practice of medicine evolve in the eighteenth century?
  Faith Healing and General Practice
  Improvements in Surgery
  Midwifery
  The Conquest of Smallpox and the Birth of Vaccination
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 18 Review

Chapter 19: Revolutions in Politics, 1775–1815
What were the factors behind the revolutions of the late eighteenth century?
  Social Change
  Growing Demands for Liberty and Equality
  The Seven Years’  War
Why and how did American colonists forge a new, independent nation?
  The Origins of the Revolution
  Independence from Britain
  Framing the Constitution
  Limitations of Liberty and Equality
How did the events of 1789 result in a constitutional monarchy in France?
  Breakdown of the Old Order
  The Formation of the National Assembly
  Popular Uprising and the Rights of Man
  A Constitutional Monarchy and Its Challenges
Why and how did the French Revolution take a radical turn?
  The International Response
  The Second Revolution and the New Republic
  Total War and the Terror
  The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory
How did Napoleon Bonaparte create a French empire, and why did it fail?
  Napoleon’s Rule of France
  Napoleon’s Expansion in Europe
  The Grand Empire and Its End
How did slave revolt on colonial Saint-Domingue lead to the independent nation of Haiti?
  Revolutionary Aspirations in Saint-Domingue
  The Outbreak of Revolt
  The War of Haitian Independence
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 19 Review

Chapter 20: The Revolution in Energy and Industry, ca. 1780–1850
Why and how did the Industrial Revolution emerge in Britain? 
  Why Britain?
  Technological Innovations and Early Factories
  The Steam Engine Breakthrough
  Steam-Powered Transportation
  Industry and Population
How did countries outside Britain respond to the challenge of industrialization?
  National and International Variations
  Industrialization in Continental Europe
  Agents of Industrialization
  The Global Picture
How did work and daily life evolve during the Industrial Revolution?
  Work in Early Factories
  Working Families and Children
  The New Sexual Division of Labor
  Living Standards for the Working Class
  Environmental Impacts of Industrialization
What were the social consequences of industrialization? 
  The New Class of Factory Owners
  Responses to Industrialization
  The Early British Labor Movement
  The Impact of Slavery
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 20 Review

Chapter 21: Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815–1850
How was peace restored and maintained after the Napoleonic Wars?
  The European Balance of Power
  Metternich and Conservatism
  Repressing the Revolutionary Spirit
  Limits to Conservative Power and Revolution in South America
What new ideologies emerged to challenge conservatism?
  Liberalism and the Middle Class
  The Growing Appeal of Nationalism
  The First Socialists
  The Birth of Marxist Socialism
What were the characteristics of the Romantic movement?
  The Romantic Worldview
  Romantic Literature
  Romanticism in Art and Music
How did reforms and revolutions challenge conservatism after 1815?
  The Greek War of Independence
  Liberal Reform in Great Britain
  Ireland and the Great Famine
  The Revolution of 1830 in France
What were the main causes and consequences of the revolutions of 1848?
  A Democratic Republic in France
  Revolution and Reaction in the Austrian Empire
  Prussia, the German Confederation, and the Frankfurt National Assembly
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
REVIEW & EXPLORE
Chapter 21 Review

Chapter 22: Life in the Emerging Urban Society, 1840–1914
What were the main changes in urban life in the nineteenth century?
  Industry and the Growth of Cities
  The Advent of the Public Health Movement
  The Bacterial Revolution
  Improvements in Urban Planning
  Public Transportation
How did class and gender reinforce social difference in the nineteenth century?
  The Distribution of Income
  The People and Occupations of the Middle Classes
  The People and Occupations of the Working Classes
  Prostitution
  The Leisure Pursuits of the Working Classes
  Faith and Religion
How did urbanization affect family life and gender roles?
  Lifestyles of the Middle Classes
  Middle-Class Marriage and Courtship Rituals
  Middle- and Working-Class Sexuality
  Separate Spheres and the Importance of Homemaking
  Child Rearing
What were the most important changes in science and culture?
  The Triumph of Science in Industry
  Darwin and Natural Selection
  The Modern University and the Social Sciences
  Realism in Art and Literature
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 22 Review

Chapter 23: The Age of Nationalism, 1850–1914
What were the main features of the authoritarian nation-state built by Napoleon III?
  France’s Second Republic
  Napoleon III’s Second Empire
How were strong nation-states forged in Italy, Germany, and the United States?
  The Unification of Italy
  The Austro-Prussian War
  Taming the German Parliament
  The Franco-Prussian War and German Unification
How did Russian and Ottoman leaders modernize their states and societies?
  The “Great Reforms” in Russia
  The Russian Revolution of 1905
  Reform and Readjustment in the Ottoman Empire
How did the relationship between government and the governed change after 1871?
  The Responsive National State
  The German Empire
  Republican France and the Third French Republic
  Great Britain and Ireland
  The Austro-Hungarian Empire
What were the costs and benefits of nationalism for ordinary people?
  Making National Citizens
  The Feminist Movement
  Nationalism and Racism
  Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism
How and why did revolutionary Marxism evolve in the late nineteenth century?
  The Socialist International
  Labor Unions and the Evolution of Working-Class Radicalism
  Marxist Revisionism
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 23 Review

Chapter 24: The West and the World, 1815–1914
What were the global consequences of European industrialization?
  The Rise of Global Inequality
  The World Market
  Western Pressures on China
  Japan and the United States
  Western Intervention in Egypt
How was massive migration an integral part of Western expansion?
  The Pressure of Population
  European Emigration
  The Immigrant Experience in the United States
  Asian Emigration
How did the New Imperialism change Western colonialism?
  The European Presence in Africa Before 1880
  The Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa
  The British in Africa After 1885
  Imperialism in Asia
  Causes of the New Imperialism
  A “Civilizing Mission”
  Gender and Empire
  European Critics of Imperialism
How did non-Westerners respond to Western expansion?
  Impacts and Patterns of Response
  The British Empire in India
  Reforming Japan
  Toward Revolution in China
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 24 Review

Chapter 25: War and Revolution, 1914–1919
What caused the outbreak of the First World War?
  Growing International Conflict
  The Mood of 1914
  The July Crisis and the Outbreak of War
How did the First World War differ from previous wars?
  Stalemate and Slaughter on the Western Front
  The Widening War
  In what ways did the war transform life on the home front?
  Mobilizing for Total War
  The Social Impact of Total War
  Growing Political Tensions
Why did world war lead to a successful Communist revolution in Russia?
  The Fall of Imperial Russia
  The Provisional Government
  Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
  Trotsky and the Seizure of Power
  Dictatorship and Civil War
What were the benefits and costs of the postwar peace settlement?
  The End of the War
  Revolution in Austria-Hungary and Germany
  The Treaty of Versailles
  The Peace Settlement in the Middle East
  The Human Costs of the War  
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 25 Review

Chapter 26: Opportunity and Crisis in the Age of Modernity, 1880–1940
How did intellectual developments reflect the ambiguities of modernity?
  Modern Philosophy
  The Revival of Christianity
  The New Physics
  Freudian Psychology
How did modernism revolutionize Western culture?
  Architecture and Design
  New Artistic Movements
  Twentieth-Century Literature
  Modern Music
  How did consumer society change everyday life?
  Modern Mass Culture
  The Appeal of Cinema
  The Arrival of Radio
What obstacles to lasting peace did European leaders face?
  Germany and the Western Powers
  Hope in Foreign Affairs
  Hope in Democratic Government
What were the causes and consequences of the Great Depression?
  The Economic Crisis
  Mass Unemployment
  The New Deal in the United States
  The Scandinavian Response to the Depression
  Recovery and Reform in Britain and France
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 26 Review

Chapter 27: Dictatorships and the Second World War, 1919–1945
What were the most important characteristics of Communist and Fascist ideologies?
  Conservative Authoritarianism and Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships
  Communism and Fascism
  The Spanish Civil War
How did Stalinism transform state and society in the Soviet Union?
  From Lenin to Stalin
  Stalin and the Nationalities Question
  The Five-Year Plans
  Life and Culture in Soviet Society
  The Great Purges and the Great Terror of 1937-38
What kind of government did Mussolini establish in Italy?
  The Seizure of Power
  The Fascist Regime in Action
What policies did Nazi Germany pursue, and why did they appeal to ordinary Germans?
  The Roots of National Socialism
  Hitler’s Road to Power
  State and Society in Nazi Germany
  Popular Support for National Socialism
  Aggression and Appeasement
What explains the success and then defeat of Germany and Japan during World War II?
  German Victories in Europe
  Europe Under Nazi Occupation
  The Holocaust
  Japanese Empire and the War in the Pacific
  The Grand Alliance and the “Hinge of Fate”
  Allied Victory
LOOKING BACK, LOOKING AHEAD
REVIEW & EXPLORE
Chapter 27 Review

Chapter 28: Cold War Conflict and Consensus, 1945–1965
Why was World War II followed so quickly by the Cold War?
  The Legacies of the Second World War
  The Peace Settlement and Cold War Origins
  West Versus East
  Big Science in the Nuclear Age
What were the sources of postwar recovery and stability in western Europe?
  The Search for Political and Social Consensus
  Toward European Unity
  The Consumer Revolution
What was the pattern of postwar development in the Soviet bloc?
  Postwar Life in the East Bloc
  Reform and De-Stalinization
  Foreign Policy and Domestic Rebellion
  The Limits of Reform
How did decolonization proceed in the Cold War era?
  Decolonization and the Global Cold War
  The Struggle for Power in Asia
  Independence and Conflict in the Middle East
  Decolonization in Africa
What were the key changes in social relations in postwar Europe?
  Changing Class Structures
  Patterns of Postwar Migration
  New Roles for Women
  Youth Culture and the Generation Gap
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 28 Review

Chapter 29: Challenging the Postwar Order, 1960–1991
Why did the postwar consensus of the 1950s break down?
  Cold War Tensions Thaw
  The Affluent Society
  The Counterculture Movement
  The United States and Vietnam
  Student Revolts and 1968
  The 1960s in the East Bloc
What were the consequences of economic stagnation in the 1970s?
  Economic Crisis and Hardship
  The New Conservatism
  Challenges and Victories for Women
  The Rise of the Environmental Movement
  Separatism and Right-Wing Extremism
What led to the decline of “developed socialism” in the East Bloc?
  State and Society in the East Bloc
  Dissent in Czechoslovakia and Poland
  From Détente Back to Cold War
  Gorbachev’s Reforms in the Soviet Union
What were the causes and consequences of the 1989 revolutions in the East Bloc?
  The Collapse of Communism in the East Bloc
  German Unification and the End of the Cold War
  The Disintegration of the Soviet Union
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 29 Review

Chapter 30: Life in an Age of Globalization, 1990 to the Present
How did life change in Russia and the former East Bloc countries after 1989?
  Economic Shock Therapy in Russia
  Russian Revival Under Vladimir Putin
  Political Instability and Russian Intervention in the Former Soviet Republics
  Economic and Political Transformations in the Former East Bloc
  Civil War in Yugoslavia
How did globalization affect European life and society?
  The Global Economy
  The New European Union
  Supranational Organizations
  Life in the Age of Social Media
  The Costs and Consequences of Globalization
How is growing ethnic diversity changing contemporary Europe?
  The Prospect of Population Decline
  Changing Immigration Flows
  Toward a Multicultural Continent
  Europe and Its Muslim Population
What challenges will Europeans face in the coming decades?
  Growing Strains in U.S.-European Relations
  Turmoil in the Muslim World
  The Global Recession and the Viability of the European Union
  The New Populism
  The COVID-19 Pandemic
  Dependence on Fossil Fuels, Climate Change, and Environmental Degradation
  Promoting Human Rights
LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD
Chapter 30 Review

Glossary
Index
About the Authors