Sources for Western Society, Volume 2

Chapter 14: European Exploration and Conquest, 1450–1650

14-1: Columbus Sets the Context for His Voyage: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, Diario (1492)

14-2: Cortés Describes the Conquest of the Aztecs: HERNANDO CORTÉS, Two Letters to Charles V: On the Conquest of the Aztecs (1521)

Sources in Conversation: The Slave Trade in Africa

     14-3: ALVISE DA CA’ DA MOSTO, Description of Capo Bianco and the Islands Nearest to It: Fifteenth-Century Slave Trade in West Africa (1455–1456)

     14-4: KING NZINGA MBEMBA AFFONSO OF CONGO, Letters on the Slave Trade (1526)

14-5: The Jesuits Bring Christianity to Asia: SAINT FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionaries in Japan (1552)

14-6: A Critique of European "Superiority": MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE, Of Cannibals (1580)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 15: Absolutism and Constitutionalism, ca. 1589–1725

15-1: A French King Establishes Limited Religious Toleration: HENRY IV, Edict of Nantes (1598)

15-2: An Argument for the Divine Right of Kings: JACQUES-BÉNIGNE BOSSUET, Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (1679)

15-3: The English Place Limits on Monarchical Power: The Bill of Rights (1689)

15-4: A Tsar Imposes Western Styles on the Russians: PETER THE GREAT, Edicts and Decrees (1699–1723)

Sources in Conversation: The Commonwealth and the State of Nature

     15-5: THOMAS HOBBES, Leviathan (1651)

     15-6: JOHN LOCKE, Second Treatise of Civil Government: Vindication for the Glorious Revolution (1690)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 16: Toward a New Worldview, 1540–1789

16-1: A New Model of the Solar System: NICOLAUS COPERNICUS, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1542)

16-2: A Defense of Science: FRANCIS BACON, On Superstition and the Virtue of Science (1620)

Sources in Conversation: Monarchical Power and Responsibility

     16-3: FREDERICK THE GREAT, Essay on the Forms of Government (ca. 1740)

     16-4: CHARLES DE SECONDAT, BARON DE MONTESQUIEU, From The Spirit of Laws: On the Separation of Governmental Powers (1748)

     16-5: JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, The Social Contract: On Popular Sovereignty and the General Will (1762)

16-6: A Philosophe Argues for Religious Toleration: VOLTAIRE, A Treatise on Toleration (1763)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 17: The Expansion of Europe, 1650–1800

17-1: The Domestic Economy: The Guild System in Germany (1704–1719)

17-2: Defining and Defending Mercantilism: THOMAS MUN, England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade (1664)

17-3: Critiquing Mercantilism: ADAM SMITH, The Wealth of Nations (1776)

Sources in Conversation: The Moral Implications of Expansion

     17-4: OLAUDAH EQUIANO, A Description of the Middle Passage (1789)

     17-5: ROBERT, FIRST BARON CLIVE, Speech in the House of Commons on India (1772)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 18: Life in the Era of Expansion, 1650–1800

18-1: The Dangers of Eighteenth-Century Life: EDMOND WILLIAMSON, Births and Deaths in an English Gentry Family (1709–1720)

18-2: Embracing Innovation in Medicine: MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU, On Smallpox Inoculations (ca. 1717)

18-3: Shaping Young Minds and Bodies: JOHN LOCKE, Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693)

Sources in Conversation: The Challenge to Established Religion in the 1700s

     18-4: JOHN WESLEY, The Ground Rules for Methodism (1749)

     18-5: THOMAS PAINE, The Age of Reason (1794)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 19: Revolutions in Politics, 1775–1815

19-1: The Third Estate Speaks: COMMISSIONERS OF THE THIRD ESTATE OF THE CARCASSONNE, Notebooks of Grievances (1789)

19-2: Redefining Society and the Nation: ABBÉ SIEYÈS, What Is the Third Estate? (1789)

Sources in Conversation: Imagining a New France

     19-3: NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF FRANCE, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)

     19-4: The Law of 22 Prairial (1794)

     19-5: NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, The Napoleonic Code (1804)

19-6: Challenging the Limits of Equality: MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

19-7: The Revolution in the French Colonies: FRANÇOIS DOMINIQUE TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE, A Black Revolutionary Leader in Haiti (1797)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 20: The Revolution in Energy and Industry, ca. 1780–1850

20-1: Predicting a Population Catastrophe: THOMAS MALTHUS, An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)

Sources in Conversation: Life as an Industrial Worker at Mid-Century

     20-2: FRIEDRICH ENGELS, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 (1844)

     20-3: Factory Rules in Berlin (1844)

     20-4: NED LUDD, Yorkshire Textile Workers Threaten a Factory Owner (ca. 1811–1812)

20-5: Creating an Industrial Utopia: ROBERT OWEN, A New View of Society (1813)

20-6: Child Labor in an Industrial Age: The Child of the Factory (1842)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 21: Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815–1850

21-1: Arguing Against Higher Wages for Workers: DAVID RICARDO, On Wages (1817)

Sources in Conversation: Conservatism, Liberalism, and Socialism

21-2: KLEMENS VON METTERNICH, Political Confession of Faith (1820)

     21-3: JOHN STUART MILL, On Liberty (1859)

     21-4: KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICH ENGELS, The Communist Manifesto (1848)

21-5: Following Mademoiselle Liberté: EUGÈNE DELACROIX, Liberty Leading the People (1830)

21-6: Workers Demand the Vote: The People’s Charter (1838)

21-7 | The Misery of the Potato Famine: WILLIAM STEUART TRENCH, Realities of Irish Life (1847)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 22: Life in the Emerging Urban Society, 1840–1914

22-1: Sanitation and Public Health: SIR EDWIN CHADWICK, Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Poor (1842)

22-2: Life in London’s East End: JACK LONDON, The People of the Abyss (1902)

Sources in Conversation: Separate Spheres

     22-3: ISABELLA BEETON, Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management (1861)

     22-4: Dressing the Respectable Woman (ca. 1890)

22-5: Women and the Industrial World: CLARA ZETKIN, Women’s Work and the Trade Unions (1887)

22-6: A New Creation Story: CHARLES DARWIN, The Descent of Man (1871)

22-7: Weeding Out the Weak: HERBERT SPENCER, Social Statics: Survival of the Fittest

Applied to Humankind (1851)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 23: The Age of Nationalism, 1850–1914

23-1: Romantic Nationalism in Italy: The First Meeting Between Mazzini and Garibaldi (1833)

Sources in Conversation: Nationalism and the Conservative Order

     23-2: GIORGIO ASPRONI, Reflections on the Death of Cavour (1860)

     23-3: OTTO VON BISMARCK, Speech Before the Reichstag: On the Law for Workers’ Compensation (1884)

23-4: A Revolution in Paris: JOHN LEIGHTON, Paris Under the Commune (1871)

23-5: An Indictment of France’s Military Elite: ÉMILE ZOLA, "J’Accuse" the French Army (1898)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 24: The West and the World, 1815–1914

Sources in Conversation: Economic Imperialism and Military Expansion

24-1: COMMISSIONER LIN ZEXU, Letter to Queen Victoria (1839)

24-2: JULES FERRY, Speech Before the French Chamber of Deputies (1884)

24-3 | British Conquests in Africa, The Rhodes Colossus (1892)

24-4 | A White Explorer in Black Africa: HENRY MORTON STANLEY, Autobiography (1909)

24-5 | An Anti-Imperialist Pamphlet: MARK TWAIN, King Leopold’s Soliloquy (1905) 397

24-6 | Questioning the Economics of Imperialism: J. A. HOBSON, Imperialism (1902)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 25: War and Revolution, 1914–1919

25-1: Germany Gives Austria a Blank Check: CHANCELLOR THEOBALD VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, Telegram to the German Ambassador at Vienna (July 6, 1914)

Sources in Conversation: World War I in the Trenches and in the Air

     25-2: Klaxon Horn Used to Warn of Gas Attacks (1917)

     25-3: Baron Manfred von Richthofen (1917)

25-4: Women and the War: HELENA SWANWICK, The War in Its Effect Upon Women (1916)

25-5: Preparing for the Coming Revolution: VLADIMIR I. LENIN, What Is to Be Done? (1902)

25-6: Making the World Safe for Democracy: WOODROW WILSON, The Fourteen Points (1918)

25-7: The Bitter Taste of Defeat: A Defeated Germany Contemplates the Peace Treaty (1919)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 26: The Age of Anxiety, 1880–1940

26-1: Discovering the Self: SIGMUND FREUD, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

26-2: A Female Impressionist’s Perspective, MARY CASSATT, Reading Le Figaro (1878)

26-3: An Analysis of the Versailles Treaty: JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1920)

26-4: Postwar Economic Crisis in Germany: Hyperinflation in Germany (1923)

Sources in Conversation: The Great Depression in Great Britain and Germany

     26-5: SIR PERCY MALCOLM STEWART, Parliament Addresses the Great Depression in Britain (1934)

     26-6: HEINRICH HAUSER, With the Unemployed in Germany (1933)

     26-7: German Communist Party Poster (1932)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 27: Dictatorships and the Second World War, 1919–1945

27-1: An American Admirer of Fascism: RICHARD WASHBURN CHILD, Foreword to the Autobiography of Benito Mussolini (1928)

27-2: A Culture of Paranoia and Coercion: VLADIMIR TCHERNAVIN, I Speak for the Silent (1930)

Sources in Conversation: Propaganda and the Totalitarian State

     27-3: ADOLF HITLER, Mein Kampf: The Art of Propaganda (1924)

     27-4: Soviet Propaganda Posters (1941 and 1945)

27-5: Freedom’s Last Line of Defense: WINSTON CHURCHILL, Speech Before the House

of Commons (June 18, 1940)

27-6: Legislating Racial Purity: The Nuremberg Laws: The Centerpiece of Nazi Racial

Legislation (1935)

27-7: The First Steps Toward a "Final Solution": ALFRED ROSENBERG, The Jewish Question as a World Problem (1941)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 28: Cold War Conflict and Consensus, 1945–1965

28-1: The United States Rebuilds Europe: GEORGE C. MARSHALL, An American Plan to Rebuild a Shattered Europe (June 5, 1947)

28-2: The Stalinist Gulag: ALEXANDER SOLZHENITSYN, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962)

28-3: Stalin Denounces Churchill: JOSEPH STALIN, Interview Regarding Winston Churchill’s

Iron Curtain Speech (March 14, 1946)

Sources in Conversation: Challenging the Prewar Social and Political Order

     28-4: FRANTZ FANON, The Wretched of the Earth (1961)

     28-5: SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR, The Second Sex (1949)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 29: Challenging the Postwar Order,1960–1991

Sources in Conversation: Reforming Socialist Societies

     29-1: SOLIDARITY UNION, Twenty-One Demands: A Call for Workers’ Rights and Freedoms (1980)

     29-2: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV, Perestroika: A Soviet Leader Calls for Change (1987)

29-3: Tiananmen Square: Resistance to the Power of the State: JEFF WIDENER, Tank Man (1989)

29-4: Women Demand Fundamental Change: BETTY FRIEDAN, Statement of Purpose of the

National Organization for Women: Defining Full Equality (1966)

29-5: The Challenges of the Post-Communist Era: VACLAV HAVEL, New Year’s Address to the Nation (1990)

Comparative and Discussion Questions

Chapter 30: Life in an Age of Globalization, 1990 to the Present

Sources in Conversation: Islam Versus the West?

     30-1: AMARTYA SEN, A World Not Neatly Divided (November 23, 2001)

     30-2: TARIQ RAMADAN, Western Muslims and the Future of Islam (2004)

30-3: Protesting Globalization: A Greenpeace Activist at the G8 Summit (2001)

30-4: Arab Spring: A Tunisian Woman Casts Her Vote (2011)

Comparative and Discussion Questions