Psychology in Everyday Life

Instructor Preface
Student Preface: Skills for Student Success—How to Apply Psychology to Live Your Best Life

CHAPTER 1
Psychology’s Roots, Critical Thinking, and Self-Improvement Tools
Psychology Is a Science
Critical Thinking and the Scientific Attitude
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Scientific Attitude
Psychological Science’s Birth and Development
Today’s Psychology
The Need for Psychological Science
The Limits of Common Sense
Psychological Science in a Post-Truth World
How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?
The Scientific Method
Description
Correlation
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Correlation and Causation
Experimentation
Choosing a Research Design
Predicting Everyday Behavior
Psychology’s Research Ethics
Studying and Protecting Animals
Studying and Protecting Humans
Values in Psychology
Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person—and a Better Student

CHAPTER 2
The Biology of Behavior and Consciousness
The Power of Neuroplasticity
Neural Communication
A Neuron’s Structure
How Neurons Communicate
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
The Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
The Endocrine System
The Brain
Tools of Discovery—Having Our Head Examined
Brain Regions and Structures
The Limbic System
The Cerebral Cortex
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Do We Use Only 10 Percent of Our Brain?
Damage Response and Brain Hemispheres
Brain States and Consciousness
Selective Attention
Sleep and Dreams

CHAPTER 3
Developing Through the Life Span
Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues
Nature and Nurture
Continuity and Stages
Stability and Change
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Conception
Prenatal Development
The Competent Newborn
Twin and Adoption Studies
Infancy and Childhood
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Social Development
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Parenting Styles—Too Hard, Too Soft, Too Uncaring, and Just Right?
Adolescence
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Social Development
Emerging Adulthood
Adulthood
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Social Development

CHAPTER 4
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
Gender Development
Similarities and Differences
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Gender Bias in the Workplace
The Nature of Gender
The Nurture of Gender
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Sexual Aggression
Human Sexuality
The Physiology of Sex
The Psychology of Sex
Sexual Orientation
Cultural Attitudes and Prevalence
Why Do We Differ?
An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality
Male-Female Differences in Sexuality
Natural Selection and Mating Preferences
Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective
Sex and Human Relationships
Reflections on the Nature and Nurture of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

CHAPTER 5
Sensation and Perception
Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception
From Outer Energy to Inner Brain Activity
Thresholds
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Subliminal Stimulation and Subliminal Persuasion
Sensory Adaptation
Perceptual Set
Context, Motivation, and Emotion
Vision
Light Energy and Eye Structures
Information Processing in the Eye and Brain
Perceptual Organization
Perceptual Interpretation
Hearing
Sound Waves: From the Environment Into the Brain
Decoding Sound Waves
How Do We Locate Sounds?
Skin, Chemical, and Body Senses
Touch
Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
Body Position and Movement
Sensory Interaction
Perception Without Sensation?

CHAPTER 6
Learning
How Do We Learn?
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Experiments
Pavlov’s Legacy
Operant Conditioning
Skinner’s Experiments
Skinner’s Legacy
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
Biology, Cognition, and Learning
Biological Limits on Conditioning
Cognitive Influences on Conditioning
Learning by Observation
Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain
Observational Learning in Everyday Life
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Effects of Viewing Media Violence

CHAPTER 7
Memory
Studying Memory
An Information-Processing Model
Building Memories: Encoding
Our Two-Track Memory System
Automatic Processing and Implicit Memories
Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories
Memory Storage
Retaining Information in the Brain
Synaptic Changes
Retrieval: Getting Information Out
Measuring Retention
Retrieval Cues
Forgetting
Forgetting and the Two-Track Mind
Encoding Failure
Storage Decay
Retrieval Failure
Memory Construction Errors
Misinformation and Imagination Effects
Source Amnesia
Recognizing False Memories
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Can Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Then Recovered?
Children’s Eyewitness Recall
Improving Memory

CHAPTER 8
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
Thinking
Concepts
Solving Problems
Making Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Fear Factor
Thinking Creatively
Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills?
Language
Language Acquisition and Development
The Brain and Language
Thinking Without Language
Do Other Species Have Language?
Intelligence
What Is Intelligence?
Assessing Intelligence
The Nature and Nurture of Intelligence
Intelligence Across the Life Span
Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

CHAPTER 9
Motivation and Emotion
Motivational Concepts
Drives and Incentives
Arousal Theory
A Hierarchy of Needs
Hunger
The Physiology of Hunger
The Psychology of Hunger
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Challenges of Obesity and Weight Control
The Need to Belong
The Benefits of Belonging
The Pain of Being Shut Out
Connecting and Social Networking
Achievement Motivation
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Goal Setting
Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition
James-Lange Theory: Arousal Comes Before Emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory: Arousal and Emotion Happen at the Same Time
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: Arousal + Label = Emotion
Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus: Emotion and the Two-Track Brain
Embodied Emotion
The Basic Emotions
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
The Physiology of Emotions
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Lie Detection
Expressed and Experienced Emotion
Detecting Emotion in Others
Culture and Emotion
The Effects of Facial Expressions

CHAPTER 10
Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
Stressors—Things That Push Our Buttons
Stress Reactions—From Alarm to Exhaustion
Stress Effects and Health
Stress and Heart Disease
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Stress and Health
Coping With Stress
Coping Strategies
Personal Control
Optimism and Pessimism
Emotion Regulation
Social Support
Finding Meaning
Managing Stress Effects
Aerobic Exercise
Relaxation and Meditation
Faith Communities and Health
Happiness and Well-Being
When Are We Happiest?
What Makes Us Happy?
Evidence-Based Suggestions for a Happy Life
Questioning Some Myths About Happiness

CHAPTER 11
Social Psychology
What Is Social Psychology’s Focus?
Social Thinking
The Fundamental Attribution Error
Attitudes and Actions
Persuasion
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: How to Be Persuasive
Social Influence
Cultural Influences
Conformity and Obedience
Group Influence
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Internet as Social Amplifier
Social Relations
Prejudice
Aggression
Attraction
Altruism
From Conflict to Peace

CHAPTER 12
Personality
What Is Personality?
Psychodynamic Theories
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the Unconscious
The Neo-Freudian and Later Psychodynamic Theorists
Assessing Unconscious Processes
Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective and Modern Views of the Unconscious
Humanistic Theories
Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person
Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective
Assessing the Self
Evaluating Humanistic Theories
Trait Theories
Exploring Traits
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Stigma of Introversion
Assessing Traits
The Big Five Factors
Evaluating Trait Theories
Social-Cognitive Theories
Reciprocal Influences
Assessing Behavior in Situations
Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories
Exploring the Self
The Benefits and Costs of Self-Esteem
Self-Serving Bias
Culture and the Self

CHAPTER 13
Psychological Disorders
What Is a Psychological Disorder?
Defining Psychological Disorders
Understanding Psychological Disorders
Classifying Disorders—and Labeling People
Anxiety-Related Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Understanding Anxiety-Related Disorders
Substance Use Disorders
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Tolerance and Addiction
Types of Psychoactive Drugs
Understanding Substance Use Disorders
Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders
Schizophrenia
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Onset and Development of Schizophrenia
Understanding Schizophrenia
Dissociative, Personality, and Eating Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Personality Disorders
Eating Disorders
Risk of Harm to Self and Others
Understanding Suicide
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Does Disorder Equal Danger?
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Intellectual Disability
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior?

CHAPTER 14
Therapy
Treating Psychological Disorders
The Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies
Humanistic Therapies
Behavior Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Group, Couple, and Family Therapies
Evaluating Psychotherapies
Is Psychotherapy Effective?
Which Psychotherapies Work Best?
How Do Psychotherapies Help People?
Human Diversity and Psychotherapy
Seeking Psychotherapy
Ethical Principles in Psychotherapy
The Biomedical Therapies
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Therapeutic Lifestyle Change
Drug Therapies
Brain Stimulation
Psychosurgery
Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience
Preventive Mental Health
Building Resilience

APPENDIXES
 A Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
 B Psychology at Work
 C The Story of Psychology: A Timeline
 D Career Fields in Psychology
 E Complete Chapter Reviews
 F Answers to the Retrieve & Remember and Chapter Test Questions
Glossary
Glosario
References
Name Index
Subject Index