A History of Western Society, Volume 1

The Combined Volume includes all chapters.

Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-16.

Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-30.

Since 1300 includes Chapters 11-30.

1 Origins To 1200 B.C.E.

What do we mean by "the West" and "Western civilization"?

Describing the West

What Is Civilization?

How did early human societies create new technologies and cultural forms?

From the First Hominids to the Paleolithic Era

Domestication

Implications of Agriculture

Trade and Cross-Cultural Connections

What kind of civilization did the Sumerians build in Mesopotamia?

Environment and Mesopotamian Development

The Invention of Writing and the First Schools

Religion in Mesopotamia

Sumerian Politics and Society

How did the Akkadian and Old Babylonian empires develop in Mesopotamia?

The Akkadians and the Babylonians

Life Under Hammurabi

Cultural Exchange in the Fertile Crescent

How did the Egyptians establish a prosperous and long-​lasting society?

The Nile and the God-King

Egyptian Religion

Egyptian Society and Work

Egyptian Family Life

The Hyksos and New Kingdom Revival

Conflict and Cooperation with the Hittites

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Evaluating Visual Evidence Paleolithic Venus Figures

Thinking Like a Historian Addressing the Gods

Evaluating Written Evidence Hammurabi’s Code on Marriage and Divorce Viewpoints Faulty Merchandise in Babylon and Egypt

Individuals in Society Hatshepsut and Nefertiti

2 Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires in the Near East 1200–510 B.C.E.

How did iron technology shape new states after 1200 B.C.E.?

Iron Technology

The Decline of Egypt and the Emergence of Kush

The Rise of Phoenicia

How did the Hebrews create an enduring religious tradition?

The Hebrew State

The Jewish Religion

Hebrew Family and Society

How did the Assyrians and Neo-Babylonians gain and lose power?

Assyria’s Long Road to Power

Assyrian Rule and Culture

The Neo-Babylonian Empire

How did the Persians conquer and rule their extensive empire?

Consolidation of the Persian Empire

Persian Religion

Persian Art and Culture

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Individuals in Society King Taharqa of Kush and Egypt

Thinking Like a Historian The Moral Life

Viewpoints Rulers and Divine Favor: Views of Cyrus the Great

Evaluating Written Evidence A Jewish Family Contract

Evaluating Visual Evidence Assyrians Besiege a City

3 The Development of Greek Society and Culture ca. 3000–338 B.C.E.

How did the geography of Greece shape its earliest kingdoms?

Geography and Settlement

The Minoans

The Mycenaeans

Homer, Hesiod, and the Epic

What was the role of the polis in Greek society?

Organization of the Polis

Governing Structures

Overseas Expansion

The Growth of Sparta

The Evolution of Athens

How did the wars of the classical period shape Greek history?

The Persian Wars

Growth of the Athenian Empire

The Peloponnesian War

The Struggle for Dominance

Philip II and Macedonian Supremacy

What ancient Greek ideas and ideals have had a lasting influence?

Athenian Arts in the Age of Pericles

Households and Work

Gender and Sexuality

Public and Personal Religion

The Flowering of Philosophy

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Evaluating Written Evidence Homer’s Iliad

Evaluating Visual Evidence The Acropolis of Athens

Viewpoints Greek Playwrights on Families, Fate, and Choice

Individuals in Society Aristophanes

Thinking Like a Historian Gender Roles in Classical Athens

4 Life in the Hellenistic World 336–30 B.C.E.

How and why did Alexander the Great create an empire, and how did it evolve?

Military Campaigns

The Political Legacy

How did Greek ideas and traditions spread to create a Hellenized society?

Urban Life

Greeks in Hellenistic Cities

Greeks and Non-Greeks

What characterized the Hellenistic economy?

Rural Life

Production of Goods

Commerce

How did religion, philosophy, and the arts reflect and shape Hellenistic life?

Religion and Magic

Hellenism and the Jews

Philosophy and the People

Art and Drama

How did science and medicine serve the needs of Hellenistic society?

Science

Medicine

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Viewpoints Greek Historians on Alexander the Great

Evaluating Visual Evidence Bactrian Disk with Religious Figures

Evaluating Written Evidence A Hellenistic Spell of Attraction

Individuals in Society Archimedes, Scientist and Inventor

Thinking Like a Historian Hellenistic Medicine

5 The Rise of Rome ca. 1000–27 B.C.E.

How did the Romans become the dominant power in Italy?

The Geography of Italy

The Etruscans

The Founding of Rome

The Roman Conquest of Italy

What were the key institutions of the Roman Republic?

The Roman State

Social Conflict in Rome

How did the Romans build a Mediterranean empire?

The Punic Wars

Rome Turns East

How did expansion affect Roman society and culture?

Roman Families

New Social Customs and Greek Influence

Opposing Views: Cato the Elder and Scipio Aemilianus

What led to the fall of the Roman Republic?

The Countryside and Land Reforms

Political Violence

Civil War and the Rise of Julius Caesar

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Evaluating Visual Evidence The Temple of Hercules Victor

Viewpoints Praise of Good Women in the Eulogy for Murdia and the Turia Inscription

Thinking Like a Historian Land Ownership and Social Conflict in the Late Republic

Evaluating Written Evidence Cicero and the Plot to Kill Caesar

Individuals in Society Queen Cleopatra

6 The Roman Empire 27 B.C.E.–284 C.E.

How did Augustus and Roman elites create a foundation for the Roman Empire?

Augustus and His Allies

Roman Expansion

Latin Literature

Marriage and Morality

How did the Roman state develop after Augustus?

The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians

The Nerva-Antonine Dynasty

What was life like in the city of Rome and in the provinces?

Life in Imperial Rome

Approaches to Urban Problems

Popular Entertainment

Prosperity in the Roman Provinces

Trade and Commerce

How did Christianity grow into a major religious movement?

Factors Behind the Rise of Christianity

The Life and Teachings of Jesus

The Spread of Christianity

The Growing Acceptance and Evolution of Christianity

What political and economic problems did Rome face in the third century c.e.?

Civil Wars and Military Commanders

Turmoil in Economic Life

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Thinking Like a Historian Army and Empire

Evaluating Visual Evidence Ara Pacis Augustae

Viewpoints The Pax Romana

Evaluating Written Evidence Ovid, The Art of Love

Individuals in Society Pliny the Elder

7 Late Antiquity 250–600

How did Diocletian and Constantine try to reform the empire?

Political Measures

Economic Issues

The Acceptance of Christianity

How did the Christian Church become a major force in the Mediterranean and Europe?

The Church and Its Leaders

The Development of Christian Monasticism

Monastery Life

Christianity and Classical Culture

Christian Notions of Gender and Sexuality

Saint Augustine on Human Nature, Will, and Sin

What were the key characteristics of barbarian society?

Village and Family Life

Tribes and Hierarchies

Customary and Written Law

Celtic and Germanic Religion

How did the barbarian migrations shape Europe?

Celtic and Germanic People in Gaul and Britain

Visigoths and Huns

Germanic Kingdoms and the End of the Roman Empire

How did the church convert barbarian peoples to Christianity?

Missionaries’ Actions

The Process of Conversion

How did the Byzantine Empire preserve the legacy of Rome?

Sources of Byzantine Strength

The Law Code of Justinian

Byzantine Learning and Science

The Orthodox Church

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Viewpoints Roman and Byzantine Views of Barbarians

Thinking Like a Historian Slavery in Roman and Germanic Society

Evaluating Visual Evidence Battle Between Romans and Goths

Evaluating Written Evidence Gregory of Tours on the Veneration of Relics

Individuals in Society Theodora of Constantinople

8 Europe in the Early Middle Ages 600–1000

What were the origins of Islam, and what impact did it have on Europe as it spread?

The Culture of the Arabian Peninsula

The Prophet Muhammad

The Teachings and Expansion of Islam

Sunni and Shi’a Divisions

Life in Muslim Spain

Muslim-Christian Relations

Cross-Cultural Influences in Science and Medicine

How did the Franks build and govern a European empire?

The Merovingians

The Rise of the Carolingians

The Warrior-Ruler Charlemagne

Carolingian Government and Society

The Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne

What were the significant intellectual and cultural developments in Charlemagne’s era?

The Carolingian Renaissance

Northumbrian Learning and Writing

How did the ninth-century invasions and migrations shape Europe?

Vikings in Western Europe

Slavs and Vikings in Eastern Europe

Magyars and Muslims

How and why did Europe become politically and economically decentralized in this period?

Decentralization and the Origins of "Feudalism"

Manorialism, Serfdom, and the Slave Trade

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Viewpoints The Muslim Conquest of Spain

Evaluating Visual Evidence Charlemagne and His Second Wife Hildegard

Individuals in Society The Venerable Bede

Evaluating Written Evidence The Death of Beowulf

Thinking Like a Historian Vikings Tell Their Own Story

9 State and Church in the High Middle Ages 1000–1300

How did monarchs try to centralize political power?

England

France

Central Europe

Italy

The Iberian Peninsula

How did the administration of law evolve in this period?

Local Laws and Royal Courts

The Magna Carta

Law in Everyday Life

What were the political and social roles of nobles?

Origins and Status of the Nobility

Training, Marriage, and Inheritance

Power and Responsibility

How did the papacy reform the church, and what were the reactions to these efforts?

The Gregorian Reforms

Emperor Versus Pope

Criticism and Heresy

The Popes and Church Law

What roles did monks, nuns, and friars play in medieval society?

Monastic Revival

Life in Convents and Monasteries

The Friars

What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Crusades and the broader expansion of Christianity?

Background and Motives of the Crusades

The Course of the Crusades

Consequences of the Crusades

The Expansion of Christianity

Christendom

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Viewpoints Oaths of Fealty

Evaluating Visual Evidence Saint Maurice, Ideal Knight

Evaluating Written Evidence Pope Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam

Individuals in Society Hildegard of Bingen

Thinking Like a Historian Christian and Muslim Views of the Crusades

10 Life in Villages and Cities of the High Middle Ages 1000–1300

What was village life like in medieval Europe?

Slavery, Serfdom, and Upward Mobility

The Manor

Work

Home Life

Childbirth and Childhood

How did religion shape everyday life in the High Middle Ages?

Christian Life in Medieval Villages

Saints and Sacraments

Muslims and Jews

Rituals of Marriage and Birth

Death and the Afterlife

What led to Europe’s economic growth and reurbanization?

The Rise of Towns

Merchant and Craft Guilds

The Revival of Long-Distance Trade

Business Procedures

The Commercial Revolution

What was life like in medieval cities?

City Life

Servants and the Poor

Popular Entertainment

How did universities serve the needs of medieval society?

Origins

Legal and Medical Training

Theology and Philosophy

University Students

How did literature and architecture express medieval values?

Vernacular Literature and Drama

Churches and Cathedrals

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Thinking Like a Historian Social and Economic Relations in Medieval English Villages

Evaluating Written Evidence Apprenticeship Contract for a Money-Changer

Evaluating Visual Evidence Healthy Living

Individuals in Society Abelard and Heloise

Viewpoints Male and Female Troubadours

11 The Later Middle Ages 1300–1450

How did climate change shape the late Middle Ages?

Climate Change and Famine

Social Consequences

How did the plague affect European society?

Pathology

Spread of the Disease

Care of the Sick

Economic, Religious, and Cultural Effects

What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Hundred Years’ War?

Causes

English Successes

Joan of Arc and France’s Victory

Aftermath

Why did the church come under increasing criticism?

The Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism

Critiques, Divisions, and Councils

Lay Piety and Mysticism

What explains the social unrest of the late Middle Ages?

Peasant Revolts

Urban Conflicts

Sex in the City

Fur-Collar Crime

Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions

Literacy and Vernacular Literature

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Viewpoints Italian and English Views of the Plague

Evaluating Visual Evidence Dance of Death

Evaluating Written Evidence The Trial of Joan of Arc

Individuals in Society Meister Eckhart

Thinking Like a Historian Popular Revolts in the Late Middle Ages

12 European Society in the Age of the Renaissance 1350–1550

How did political and economic developments in Italy shape the Renaissance?

Trade and Prosperity

Communes and Republics of Northern Italy

City-States and the Balance of Power

What new ideas were associated with the Renaissance?

Humanism

Education

Political Thought

Christian Humanism

The Printed Word

How did art reflect new Renaissance ideals?

Patronage and Power

Changing Artistic Styles

The Renaissance Artist

What were the key social hierarchies in Renaissance Europe?

Race and Slavery

Wealth and the Nobility

Gender Roles

How did nation-states develop in this period?

France

England

Spain

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Viewpoints Venice vs. Florence

Individuals in Society Leonardo da Vinci

Thinking Like a Historian Humanist Learning

Evaluating Written Evidence Thomas More, Utopia

Evaluating Visual Evidence A Gold Coin of Ferdinand and Isabella

13 Reformations and Religious Wars 1500–1600

What were the central ideas of the reformers, and why were they appealing to different social groups?

The Christian Church in the Early Sixteenth Century

Martin Luther

Protestant Thought

The Appeal of Protestant Ideas

The Radical Reformation and the German Peasants’ War

Marriage, Sexuality, and the Role of Women

How did the political situation in Germany shape the course of the Reformation?

The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty

Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany

How did Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands?

Scandinavia

Henry VIII and the Reformation in England

Upholding Protestantism in England

Calvinism

The Reformation in Eastern Europe

What reforms did the Catholic Church make, and how did it respond to Protestant reform movements?

Papal Reform and the Council of Trent

New and Reformed Religious Orders

What were the causes and consequences of religious violence, including riots, wars, and witch-hunts?

French Religious Wars

The Netherlands Under Charles V

The Great European Witch-Hunt

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Evaluating Written Evidence Martin Luther, On Christian Liberty

Evaluating Visual Evidence Lucas Cranach’s The True Church and the False Church, ca. 1546

Individuals in Society Anna Jansz of Rotterdam

Thinking Like a Historian Social Discipline in the Reformation

Viewpoints Catholic and Calvinist Churches

14 European Exploration and Conquest 1450–1650

What was the Afro-Eurasian trading world before Columbus?

The Trade World of the Indian Ocean

The Trading States of Africa

The Middle East

Genoese and Venetian Middlemen

How and why did Europeans undertake ambitious voyages of expansion?

Causes of European Expansion

Technology and the Rise of Exploration

The Portuguese Overseas Empire

Spain’s Voyages to the Americas

Spain "Discovers" the Pacific

Early Exploration by Northern European Powers

What was the impact of European conquest on the New World?

Conquest of the Aztec Empire

The Fall of the Incas

Portuguese Brazil

Colonial Empires of England and France

Colonial Administration

How did Europe and the world change after Columbus?

Economic Exploitation of the Indigenous Population

Society in the Colonies

The Columbian Exchange and Population Loss

Sugar and Slavery

Spanish Silver and Its Economic Effects

The Birth of the Global Economy

How did expansion change European attitudes and beliefs?

Religious Conversion

European Debates About Indigenous Peoples

New Ideas About Race

Michel de Montaigne and Cultural Curiosity

William Shakespeare and His Influence

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Evaluating Written Evidence Columbus Describes His First Voyage

Thinking Like a Historian Who Was Doña Marina?

Individuals in Society Catarina de San Juan

Viewpoints Aztec and Spanish Views on Christian Conversion in New Spain

Evaluating Visual Evidence Depictions of Africans in European Portraiture

15 Absolutism and Constitutionalism ca. 1589–1725

What made the seventeenth century an "age of crisis" and achievement?

The Social Order and Peasant Life

Economic Crisis and Popular Revolts

The Thirty Years’ War

State-Building and the Growth of Armies

Baroque Art and Music

Why did France rise and Spain fall during the late seventeenth century?

The Foundations of French Absolutism

Louis XIV and Absolutism

Life at Versailles

Louis XIV’s Wars

The French Economic Policy of Mercantilism

The Decline of Absolutist Spain in the Seventeenth Century

What explains the rise of absolutism in Prussia and Austria?

The Return of Serfdom

The Austrian Habsburgs

Prussia in the Seventeenth Century

The Consolidation of Prussian Absolutism

What were the distinctive features of Russian and Ottoman absolutism?

Mongol Rule in Russia and the Rise of Moscow

Building the Russian Empire

The Reforms of Peter the Great

The Ottoman Empire

Why and how did the constitutional state triumph in the Dutch Republic and England?

Religious Divides and Civil War

The Puritan Protectorate

The Restoration of the English Monarchy

Constitutional Monarchy

The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Thinking Like a Historian What Was Absolutism?

Evaluating Written Evidence Peter the Great and Foreign Experts

Individuals in Society Hürrem

Viewpoints Stuart Claims to Absolutism and the Parliamentary Response

Evaluating Visual Evidence Gonzales Coques, The Young Scholar and His Wife, 1640

16 Toward a New Worldview 1540–1789

What revolutionary discoveries were made in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Contributions from the Muslim World

Scientific Thought to 1500

The Copernican Hypothesis

Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo: Proving Copernicus Right

Newton’s Synthesis

Natural History and Empire

Magic and Alchemy

What intellectual and social changes occurred as a result of the Scientific Revolution?

The Methods of Science: Bacon and Descartes

Medicine, the Body, and Chemistry

Science and Religion

Science and Society

How did the Enlightenment emerge, and what were major currents of Enlightenment thought?

The Early Enlightenment

The Influence of the Philosophes

Enlightenment Movements Across Europe

How did the Enlightenment change social ideas and practices?

Global Contacts

Enlightenment Debates About Race

Women and the Enlightenment

Urban Culture and Life in the Public Sphere

What impact did new ways of thinking have on politics?

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Catherine the Great of Russia

The Austrian Habsburgs

Jewish Life and the Limits of Enlightened Absolutism

LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD

REVIEW & EXPLORE

Evaluating Written Evidence Galileo Galilei, The Sidereal Messenger

Evaluating Visual Evidence Andreas Vesalius, Frontispiece to On the Structure of the Human Body

Thinking Like a Historian The Enlightenment Debate on Religious Tolerance

Viewpoints Rousseau and Wollstonecraft Debate Women’s Equality

Individuals in Society Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment