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Ways of the World with Sources for AP®, Second Edition
Second Edition©2013 Robert Strayer
Table of Contents
PrefaceVersions and Supplements Maps Special Features Working with Primary Sources Prologue: From Cosmic History to Human History The History of the UniverseThe History of a Planet The History of the Human Species… in a Single Paragraph Why World History? Comparison, Connection, and Change: The Three Cs of World HistorySnapshot: A History of the Universe as a Cosmic Calendar Part One: First Things First: Beginnings in History, to 500 b.c.e. The Big PictureTurning Points in Early World History The Emergence of Humankind The Globalization of Humankind The Revolution of Farming and Herding The Turning Point of Civilization A Note on Dates*Mapping Part One1 Chapter One: First Peoples; First Farmers: Most of History in a Single Chapter, To 4000 b.c.e.Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth: First Migrations Into Eurasia Into AustraliaInto the Americas Into the PacificThe Ways We WereThe First Human Societies Economy and the Environment The Realm of the Spirit Settling Down: The Great TransitionBreakthroughs to Agriculture Common Patterns VariationsThe Globalization of AgricultureTriumph and Resistance The Culture of AgricultureSocial Variation in the Age of AgriculturePastoral Societies Agricultural Village Societies ChiefdomsReflections: The Uses of the PaleolithicSecond ThoughtsWhat’s the Significance Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Paleolithic Era in Perspective *Portrait: Ishi, The Last of His PeopleConsidering the Evidence*Visual and Documentary Sources: History before Writing: How Do We Know?Document: A Paleolithic Woman in the Twentieth Century: Nisa: The Life and Words of an !Kung Woman, 1969-1976 Visual Sources: Lascaux Rock Art Women, Men, and Religion in Çatalhüyük Otzi the Iceman Stonehenge Using the Evidence2 First Civilizations: Cities, States, and Unequal Societies, 3500 b.c.e.–500 b.c.e.Something New: The Emergence of Civilizations Introducing the First Civilizations The Question of Origins An Urban RevolutionThe Erosion of Equality Hierarchies of Class Hierarchies of Gender Patriarchy in PracticeThe Rise of the State Coercion and Consent Writing and Accounting The Grandeur of KingsComparing Mesopotamia and Egypt Environment and Culture Cities and States Interaction and ExchangeReflections: "Civilization": What’s in a Word? Second Thoughts What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Writing in Ancient Civilizations *Portrait: Paneb of EgyptConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Life and Afterlife in Mesopotamia and Egypt 2.1—In Search of Eternal Life: The Epic of Gilgamesh, ca. 2700 B.C.E.–2500 b.c.e. 2.2--Law and Justice in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Law Code of Hammurabi, ca. 1800 b.c.e. 2.3—The Afterlife of a Pharaoh: A Pyramid Text, 2333 b.c. e. 2.4—A New Basis for Egyptian Immortality: Book of the Dead, ca. 1550-1064 b.c.e. 2.5—The Occupations of Old Egypt: Be a Scribe, ca. 2066-1650 b.c.e. Using the Evidence Visual Sources: Indus Valley Civilization A Seal from the Indus Valley Man from Mohenjo Daro Dancing Girl Using the EvidencePart Two: Second Wave Civilizations in World History, 500 b.c.e.–500 c.e. The Big PictureAfter the First Civilizations: What Changed and What Didn’t? Continuities in Civilization Changes in Civilization Snapshot: World Population during the Age of Agricultural Civilization*Mapping Part Two3 State and Empire in Eurasia/North Africa, 500 b.c.e.–500 c.e. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the GreeksThe Persian Empire The Greeks Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars Collision: Alexander and the Hellenistic EraComparing Empires: Roman and Chinese Rome: From City-State to Empire China: From Warring States to Empire Consolidating the Roman and Chinese Empires The Collapse of EmpiresIntermittent Empire: The Case of India Reflections: Enduring Legacies of Second-Wave EmpiresSecond ThoughtsWhat’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Distinctive Features of Second-Wave Eurasian Civilizations*Portrait: Trung Trac, Resisting the Chinese EmpireConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Political Authority in Second Wave Civilizations 3.1—In Praise of Athenian Democracy: Pericles, Funeral Oration, 431-430 b.c.e.3.2—In Praise of the Roman Empire: Aelius Aristides, The Roman Oration, 155 c.e. 3.3—Governing a Chinese Empire: The Writings of Master Han Fei, third century b.c.e. 3.4—Governing an Indian Empire: Ashoka, The Rock Edicts, ca. 268-232 b.c.e.Using the Evidence*Visual Sources: Representing Political AuthorityBihustun InscriptionHarmodius and AristogeitonQin Shihuangdi Funerary Complex AugustusUsing the Evidence4 Culture and Religion in Eurasia/North Africa, 500 b.c.e.–500 c.e. China and the Search for Order The Legalist Answer The Confucian Answer The Daoist AnswerCultural Traditions of Classical India South Asian Religion: From Ritual Sacrifice to Philosophical Speculation The Buddhist Challenge Hinduism as a Religion of Duty and DevotionMoving toward Monotheism: The Search for God in the Middle East Zoroastrianism JudaismThe Cultural Tradition of Classical Greece: The Search for a Rational Order The Greek Way of Knowing The Greek LegacyThe Birth of Christianity…with Buddhist Comparisons The Lives of the Founders The Spread of New Religions Institutions, Controversies, and DivisionsReflections: Religion and HistoriansSecond ThoughtsWhat’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Thinkers and Philosophies of the Second-Wave Era *Portrait: Perpetua, Christian MartyrConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: The Good Life in Eurasian Civilizations 4.1—Reflections from Confucius: Confucius, The Analects, ca. 479-221 b.c.e. 4.2—Reflections from the Hindu Scriptures: Bhagavad Gita, ca. fifth to second century b.c.e. 4.3—Reflections from Socrates: Plato, Apology, ca. 399 b.c.e. 4.4—Reflections from Jesus: The Gospel of Matthew, ca. 70-100 c.e. Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Representations of the BuddhaFootprints of the Buddha A Gandhara Buddha A Bodhisattva of Compassion: Kannon of 1,000 Arms The Chinese Maitreya Buddha Using the Evidence5 Society and Inequality in Eurasia/North Africa, 500 b.c.e.–500 c.e. Society and the State in China An Elite of Officials The Landlord Class Peasants MerchantsClass and Caste in India Caste as Varna Caste as Jati The Functions of CasteSlavery: The Case of the Roman Empire Slavery and Civilization The Making of Roman Slavery Resistance and RebellionComparing Patriarchies A Changing Patriarchy: The Case of China Contrasting Patriarchies in Athens and SpartaReflections: Arguing with Solomon and the Buddha Second Thoughts What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Social Life and Duty in India *Portrait: Ge Hong, a Chinese Scholar in Troubled TimesConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Patriarchy and Women’s Voices 5.1—A Chinese Woman’s Instructions to Her Daughters: Ban Zhao, Lessons for Women, Late First century c.e. 5.2—An Alternative to Patriarchy in India: Psalms of the Sisters, First Ccentury b.c.e.5.3—Roman Women in Protest: Livy, History of Rome, Late First Century b.c.e. to Early First Century c.e. Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Pompeii as a Window on the Roman WorldTerentius Neo and His Wife A Pompeii Banquet Scenes in a Pompeii Tavern A Domestic Shrine Mystery Religions: The Cult of Dionysus Using the Evidence6 Commonalities and Variations: Africa and the Americas, 500 b.c.e.–1200 c.e.Continental ComparisonsAfrican Civilizations Meroë: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization Axum: The Making of a Christian KingdomAlong the Niger River: Cities without StatesCivilizations of Mesoamerica The Maya: Writing and Warfare Teotihuacán: The Americas’ Greatest CityCivilizations of the Andes Chavín: A Pan-Andean Religious Movement Moche: A Civilization of the Coast Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior Alternatives to Civilization: Bantu AfricaCultural Encounters Society and ReligionAlternatives to Civilization: North America The Ancestral Pueblo: Pit Houses and Great Houses Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands: The Mound BuildersReflections: Deciding What’s Important: Balance in World History Second Thoughts What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Continental Population in the Second-Wave Era *Portrait: Piye, Kushite Conqueror of EgyptConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Axum and the World 6.1—A Guidebook to the World of Indian Ocean Commerce: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, First Century c.e. 6.2—The Making of an Axumite Empire: Inscription on a Stone Throne, Second or Third century c.e. 6.3—The Coming of Christianity to Axum: Rufinus, On the Evangelization of Abyssinia, Late Fourth Century c.e.6.4—Axum and the Gold Trade: Cosmas, The Christian Topography, Sixth Century c.e.Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Art and the Maya EliteShield Jaguar and Lady Xok: A Royal Couple of Yaxchilan The Presentation of Captives A Bloodletting Ritual The Ball Game Using the EvidencePart Three: An Age of Accelerating Connections, 500–1500 The Big PictureDefining a MillenniumThird-Wave Civilizations: Something New, Something Old, Something Blended The Ties That Bind: Transregional Interaction in the Third Wave Era*Mapping Part Three7 Commerce and Culture, 500–1500 Silk Roads: Exchange across Eurasia The Growth of the Silk RoadsGoods in TransitCultures in TransitDisease in TransitSea Roads: Exchange across the Indian Ocean Weaving the Web of an Indian Ocean WorldSea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: Southeast AsiaSea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: East AfricaSand Roads: Exchange across the Sahara Commercial Beginnings in West Africa Gold, Salt, and Slaves: Trade and Empire in West AfricaAn American Network: Commerce and Connection in the Western Hemisphere Reflections: Economic Globalization—Ancient and Modern Second Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Economic Exchange along the Silk Roads Snapshot: Economic Exchange in the Indian Ocean Basin *Portrait: Thorfinn Karlsefni, Viking VoyagerConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Travelers’ Tales and Observations 7.1—A Chinese Buddhist in India: Huili, A Biography of the Tripitaka Master and Xuanzang, Record of the Western Region, Seventh Century c.e.7.2—A European Christian in China: Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, 1299 7.3—A Arab Muslim in West Africa: Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1354 Using the Evidence*Visual Sources: Traveling the Silk Road Silk Road Merchants Encounter Bandits A Stop at a CaravanseraiA Buddhist Monk on the Silk RoadGreek Culture, Buddhism, and the KushansIslam, Shamanism, and the TurksUsing the Evidence8 China and the World: East Asian Connections, 500–1300 Together Again: The Reemergence of a Unified ChinaA "Golden Age" of Chinese AchievementWomen in the Song DynastyChina and the Northern Nomads: A Chinese World Order in the Making The Tribute System in TheoryThe Tribute System in Practice Cultural Influence across an Ecological FrontierCoping with China: Comparing Korea, Vietnam, and Japan Korea and China • Vietnam and China • Japan and ChinaChina and the Eurasian World Economy Spillovers: China’s Impact on Eurasia On the Receiving End: China as Economic Beneficiary China and Buddhism Making Buddhism ChineseLosing State Support: The Crisis of Chinese BuddhismReflections: Why Do Things Change? Second Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurve*Snapshot: Chinese Technological Achievements *Portrait: Izumi Shikibu, Japanese Poet and LoverConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: The Making of Japanese Civilization 8.1—Japanese Political Ideals: Shotoku, The Seventeen Article Constitution, 6048.2—The Uniqueness of Japan: Kitabatake Chikafusa, The Chronicle of the Direct Descent of Gods and Sovereigns, 13398.3—Social Life at Court: Sei Shonagon, Pillow Book, ca. 10008.4—The Way of the Warrior: Shiba Yosimasa, Advice to Young Samurai, ca. 1400 and Imagawa Ryoshun, The Imagawa Letter, 1412 Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: The Leisure Life of China’s Elites A Banquet with the Emperor At Table with the Empress A Literary Gathering An Elite Night PartyUsing the Evidence9 The Worlds of Islam: Afro-Eurasian Connections, 600–1500 The Birth of a New Religion The Homeland of IslamThe Messenger and the MessageThe Transformation of ArabiaThe Making of an Arab Empire War, Conquest, and ToleranceConversionDivisions and ControversiesWomen and Men in Early IslamIslam and Cultural Encounter: A Four-Way Comparison The Case of IndiaThe Case of AnatoliaThe Case of West Africa The Case of SpainThe World of Islam as a New Civilization Networks of FaithNetworks of ExchangeReflections: Past and Present: Choosing Our History Second Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Key Achievements in Islamic Science and Scholarship *Portrait: Mansa Musa, West African Monarch and Muslim PilgrimConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Voices of Islam 9.1—The Voice of Allah: The Quran, Seventh Century c.e. 9.2—The Voice of the Prophet Muhammad: The Hadith, Eighth and Ninth centuries9.3—The Voice of the Law: The Sharia, ninth century 9.4—The Voice of the Sufis: Inscription on Rumi’s Tomb, Thirteenth Century, Rumi, Poem, Thirteenth Century, and Rumi, Mathnawi, Thirteenth CenturyUsing the Evidence*Visual Sources: The Life of the Prophet Muhammad and the Archangel GabrielThe Night Journey of MuhammadThe Battle at BadrThe Destruction of the IdolsUsing the Evidence10 The Worlds of Christendom: Contraction, Expansion, and Division, 500–1300 Christian Contraction in Asia and AfricaAsian ChristianityAfrican ChristianityByzantine Christendom: Building on the Roman Past The Byzantine State The Byzantine Church and Christian DivergenceByzantium and the WorldThe Conversion of RussiaWestern Christendom: Rebuilding in the Wake of Roman CollapsePolitical Life in Western Europe, 500–1000Society and the Church, 500–1000 Accelerating Change in the West, 1000–1300 Europe Outward Bound: The Crusading TraditionThe West in Comparative Perspective Catching UpPluralism in PoliticsReason and Faith Reflections: Remembering and Forgetting: Continuity and Surprise in the Worlds of Christendom Second Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurve*Snapshot: European Borrowing*Portrait: Cecilia Penifader, An English Peasant and Unmarried WomanConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: The Making of Christian Europe 10.1—The Conversion of Clovis: Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks, Late Sixth Century10.2—Advice on Dealing with "Pagans": Pope Gregory, Advice to the English Church, 60310.3—Charlemagne and the Saxons: Charlemagne, Capitulary on Saxony, 78510.4— The Persistence of Tradition: Willibald, Life of Boniface, ca. 760 and 10.5— The Leechbook, Tenth Century Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Reading Byzantine IconsChrist Pantokrator The NativityLadder of Divine AscentUsing the Evidence 11: Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Moment, 1200–1500Looking Back and Looking Around: The Long History of Pastoral Nomads The World of Pastoral SocietiesBefore the Mongols: Pastoralists in HistoryBreakout: The Mongol Empire From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: The Rise of the Mongol EmpireExplaining the Mongol MomentEncountering the Mongols: Comparing Three Cases China and the MongolsPersia and the MongolsRussia and the MongolsThe Mongol Empire as a Eurasian Network Toward a World EconomyDiplomacy on a Eurasian ScaleCultural Exchange in the Mongol Realm The Plague: An Afro-Eurasian Pandemic Reflections: Changing Images of Nomadic Peoples Second Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Varieties of Pastoral Societies *Portrait, Khutulun, A Mongol Wrestler PrincessConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Perspectives on the Mongols 11.1—Mongol History from a Mongol Source: The Secret History of the Mongols, ca. 124011.2—A Letter from Chinggis Khan: Chinggis Khan, Letter to Changchun, 1219 11.3—A Russian View of the Mongols: The Chronicle of Novgorod, 123811.4—Chinese Perceptions of the Mongols: Epitaph for the Honorable Menggu, 1274Using the Evidence Visual Sources: The Black Death and Religion in Western Europe The FlagellantsBurying the DeadA Culture of DeathIn the Face of Catastrophe—Questioning or Affirming the Faith • Using the Evidence12 The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century The Shapes of Human Communities Paleolithic Persistence: Australia and North AmericaAgricultural Village Societies: The Igbo and the IroquoisHerding Peoples: Central Asia and West AfricaCivilizations of the Fifteenth Century: Comparing China and Europe Ming Dynasty ChinaEuropean Comparisons: State Building and Cultural RenewalEuropean Comparisons: Maritime VoyagingCivilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Islamic World In the Islamic Heartland: The Ottoman and Safavid EmpiresOn the Frontiers of Islam: The Songhay and Mughal EmpiresCivilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Americas The Aztec EmpireThe Inca EmpireWebs of Connection A Preview of Coming Attractions: Looking Ahead to the Modern Era, 1500–2012 Reflections: What If? Chance and Contingency in World History Second Thoughts What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Major Developments around the World in the Fifteenth Century Snapshot: World Population Growth, 1000–2000 *Portrait: Zheng He, Chinas Non-Chinese AdmiralConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: The Aztecs and the Incas through Spanish Eyes 12.1—Diego Duran on the Aztecs: King Moctezuma I, Laws, Ordinances and Regulations, ca. 1450 and Diego Duran, Book of the Gods and Rites, 1574-157612.2— Pedro de Cieza de Léon on the Incas: Pedro de Cieza de Léon, Chronicles of the Incas, ca. 1550 Using the Evidence*Visual Sources: Islam and Renaissance Europe Gentile Bellini, Portrait of Mehmed IIThe Venetian Ambassador Visits DamascusAristotle and AverroesSt. George Baptizes the Pagans of JerusalemGiovanni da Modena, Muhammad in HellUsing the Evidence Part Four: The Early Modern World, 1450–1750 The Big Picture Debating the Character of an Era An Early Modern Era? A Late Agrarian Era?*Mapping Part Four13 Political Transformations: Empires and Encounters, 1450–1750 European Empires in the Americas The European AdvantageThe Great DyingThe Columbian ExchangeComparing Colonial Societies in the Americas In the Lands of the Aztecs and the IncasColonies of SugarSettler Colonies in North AmericaThe Steppes and Siberia: The Making of a Russian Empire Experiencing the Russian EmpireRussians and EmpireAsian Empires Making China an EmpireMuslims and Hindus in the Mughal EmpireMuslims and Christians in the Ottoman EmpireReflections: The Centrality of Context in World History Second Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Ethnic Composition of Colonial Societies in Latin America *Portrait: Doña Marina, Between Two WorldsConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: State Building in the Early Modern Era 13.1—The "Self-Portrait" of a Chinese Emperor: The Emperor Kangxi, Reflections, 1671-172213.2—The Memoirs of Emperor Jahangir: Jahangir, Memoirs, 1605-162713.3—An Outsider’s View of Suleiman I: Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, The Turkish Letters, 1555-156213.4—French State-Building and Louis XIV: Louis XIV, Memoirs, 1670 • Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: The Conquest of Mexico through Aztec Eyes Disaster ForetoldMoctezuma and Cortés The Massacre of the NoblesThe Spanish Retreat from Tenochtitlán Using the Evidence14 Economic Transformations: Commerce and Consequence, 1450–1750 Europeans and Asian Commerce A Portuguese Empire of CommerceSpain and the Philippines The East India CompaniesAsian CommerceSilver and Global CommerceThe "World Hunt": Fur in Global CommerceCommerce in People: The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Slave Trade in Context The Slave Trade in Practice Consequences: The Impact of the Slave Trade in AfricaReflections: Economic Globalization—Then and NowSecond ThoughtsWhat’s the Significance?Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: The Slave Trade in Numbers (1501-1866)*Portrait: Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, To Slavery and BackConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Voices from the Slave Trade 0014.1—The Journey to Slavery: Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 178914.2—The Business of the Slave Trade: Thomas Phillips, "A Journal of a Voyage Made in the Hannibal of London," 169414.3—The Slave Trade and the Kingdom of Kongo: King Affonso I, Letters to King Jao of Portugal, 152614.4—The Slave Trade and the Kingdom of Asante: Osei Bons, Conversation with Joseph Dupuis, 1820Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Exchange and Status in the Early Modern World Tea and Porcelain in Europe A Chocolate Party in SpainAn Ottoman CoffeehouseClothing and Status in Colonial MexicoUsing the Evidence15 Cultural Transformations: Religion and Science, 1450–1750 The Globalization of Christianity Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant ReformationChristianity Outward BoundConversion and Adaptation in Spanish AmericaAn Asian Comparison: China and the JesuitsPersistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic WorldChina: New Directions in an Old Tradition India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim DivideA New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science The Question of Origins: Why Europe?Science as Cultural Revolution • Science and EnlightenmentLooking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth CenturyEuropean Science beyond the WestReflections: Cultural Borrowing and Its Hazards Second Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Catholic/Protestant Differences in the Sixteenth Century Snapshot: Major Thinkers and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution *Portrait: Ursula de Jesus, An Afro-Peruvian Slave and Christian VisionaryConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Renewal and Reform in the Early Modern World 15.1—Luther’s Protest: Martin Luther, Table Talk, early sixteenth century15.2—Progress and Enlightenment: Marquis de Condorcet, Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind, 1793-1794 15.3—The Wahhabi Perspective on Islam: Abdullah Wahhab, "History and Doctrines of the Wahhabis," 180315.4—The Poetry of Kabîr: Kabîr, Poetry, ca. late fifteenth century Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Global Christianity in the Early Modern World Pieter Seanredam, Interior of a Dutch Reformed Church Catholic Baroque: Interior of Pilgrimage Church, Mariazell, AustriaCultural Blending in Andean ChristianityMaking Christianity ChineseChristian Art at the Mughal CourtUsing the EvidencePart Five: The European Moment In World History, 1750–1914 The Big Picture European Centrality and the Problem of Eurocentrism Eurocentric Geography and HistoryCountering Eurocentrism*Mapping Part Five16 Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes, 1750–1914 Atlantic Revolutions in a Global Context Comparing Atlantic RevolutionsThe North American Revolution, 1775–1787The French Revolution, 1789–1815The Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804Spanish American Revolutions, 1810–1825Echoes of Revolution The Abolition of SlaveryNations and NationalismFeminist BeginningsReflections: Revolutions Pro and Con Second Thoughts What’s the Significance? Big Picture Questions Next Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Key Moments in the Growth of Nationalism *Portrait: Kartini, Feminism and Nationalism in JavaConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Claiming Rights 16.1—The French Revolution and the "Rights of Man": The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 178916.2—Rights and National Independence: Simón Bolívar, The Jamaica Letter, 181516.3—Rights and Slavery: Frederick Douglass, "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?", 185216.4—The Rights of Women: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, The Solitude of Self, 1892Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Representing the French Revolution The Early Years of the French Revolution: "The Joyous Accord"A Reversal of Roles: The Three Estates of Revolutionary FranceRevolution and Religion: "Patience, Monsignor, your turn will come"An English Response to Revolution: "Hell Broke Loose or The Murder of Louis"Using the Evidence17 Revolutions of Industrialization, 1750–1914 Explaining the Industrial Revolution Why Europe?Why Britain?The First Industrial SocietyThe British AristocracyThe Middle ClassesThe Laboring ClassesSocial ProtestEuropeans in MotionVariations on a Theme: Comparing Industrialization in the United States and Russia The United States: Industrialization without SocialismRussia: Industrialization and Revolution The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century After Independence in Latin America Facing the World EconomyBecoming like Europe?Reflections: History and Horse Races Second Thoughts What’s the Significance? Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Measuring the Industrial Revolution Snapshot: The Industrial Revolution and the Global Divide *Portrait: Ellen Johnston, Factory Girl and PoetConsidering the Evidence*Documents: Experiencing Industrialization 17.1— The Experience of an English Factory Worker: Elizabeth Bentley, Factory Worker, Testimony, 1831 and William Harter, Mill Owner, Testimony, 183217.2—A Weaver’s Lament: Only a Weaver, 1860s17.3—A Middle-Class Understanding of the Industrial Poor: Samuel Smiles, Thrift, 187517.4—Socialism According to Marx: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 184817.5—Socialism in Song: Eugene Pottier (trans. Charles Kerr), The Internationale, 1871Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Art and the Industrial Revolution The Machinery Department of the Crystal PalaceThe Railroad as a Symbol of the Industrial EraOutside the Factory: Eyre Crowe, The Dinner Hour, WiganInside the Factory: Lewis Hine, Child Labor, 1912John Leech, Capital and Labour Using the Evidence18 Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa, 1750–1950 Industry and Empire A Second Wave of European Conquests Under European RuleCooperation and Rebellion Colonial Empires with a DifferenceWays of Working: Comparing Colonial EconomiesEconomies of Coercion: Forced Labor and the Power of the StateEconomies of Cash-Crop Agriculture: The Pull of the MarketEconomies of Wage Labor: Migration for WorkWomen and the Colonial Economy: Examples from Africa Assessing Colonial DevelopmentBelieving and Belonging: Identity and Cultural Change in the Colonial Era EducationReligion"Race" and "Tribe" Reflections: Who Makes History? Second ThoughtsWhat’s the Significance?Big Picture Questions • Next Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Long-Distance Migration in an Age of Empire, 1846–1940 *Portrait: Wanjiku of Kenya, An Ordinary Woman in Extraordinary TimesConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Indian Responses to Empire 18.1—Seeking Western Education: Ram Mohan Roy, Letter to Lord Amherst, 182318.2—The Indian Rebellion: Prince Feroze Shah, The Azamgarh Proclamation, 185718.3—The Credits and Debits of British Rule in India: Dadabhai Naoroji, Speech to a London Audience, 187118.4—Gandhi on Modern Civilization: Mahatma Gandhi, Indian Home Rule, 1908Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: The Scramble for AfricaPrelude to the ScrambleConquest and CompetitionFrom the Cape to CairoBritish and French in North AfricaThe Ethiopian ExceptionUsing the Evidence19 Empire in Collision: Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia, 1800–1914 Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis The Crisis WithinWestern PressuresThe Failure of Conservative ModernizationThe Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century "The Sick Man of Europe"Reform and Its OpponentsOutcomes: Comparing China and the Ottoman EmpireThe Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power The Tokugawa BackgroundAmerican Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration Modernization Japanese Style Japan and the WorldReflections: Success and Failure in History Second Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Chinese/British Trade at Canton, 1835–1836 *Portrait: Commissioner Lin, Confronting the Opium TradeConsidering the Evidence*Documents: Changing China 19.1—Towards a Constitutional Monarchy: Kang Youwei, Memorial to Emperor Guangxu, 189819.2—Education and Examination: Anonymous, Editorial on China’s Examination System, 1898, and Emperor Guangxu, Edict on Education, 189819.3—Gender, Reform, and Revolution: Qiu Jin, An Address to Two Hundred Million Fellow Countrywomen, 190419.4—Prescriptions for a Revolutionary China: Sun Yat-sen, The Three People’s Principles and the Future of the Chinese People, 1906Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Japanese Perceptions of the West The Black ShipsWomen and WesternizationKobayashi Kiyochika’s Critique of Wholesale WesternizationJapan, China, and Europe: A Reversal of RolesUsing the EvidencePart Six: The Most Recent Century, 1914–2012 The Big Picture Since World War I: A New Period in World History?*Mapping Part Six20: Collapse at the Center: World War, Depression, and the Rebalancing of Global Power, 1914–1970s The First World War: European Civilization in Crisis, 1914–1918 An Accident Waiting to HappenLegacies of the Great WarCapitalism Unraveling: The Great Depression Democracy Denied: Comparing Italy, Germany, and Japan The Fascist Alternative in EuropeHitler and the NazisJapanese AuthoritarianismA Second World War The Road to War in AsiaThe Road to War in EuropeThe Outcomes of Global ConflictThe Recovery of Europe Reflections: War and Remembrance: Learning from History Second Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: Comparing the Impact of the Depression *Portrait: Etty Hillesum, Witness to the HolocaustConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Ideologies of the Axis Powers20.1—Hitler on Nazism: Adolph Hitler, Mein Kampf (My Struggle), 1925-192620.2—The Japanese Way: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan, 1937Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Propaganda and Critique in World War I Defining the EnemyWar and the ColoniesWomen and the WarWar and the ColoniesThe Battlefield The Aftermath of WarUsing the Evidence21 Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict: The Rise and Fall of World Communism, 1917–Present Global Communism Comparing Revolutions as a Path to Communism Russia: Revolution in a Single YearChina: A Prolonged Revolutionary StruggleBuilding Socialism in Two Countries Communist FeminismSocialism in the CountrysideCommunism and Industrial DevelopmentThe Search for EnemiesEast versus West: A Global Divide and a Cold War Military Conflict and the Cold War Nuclear Standoff and Third World Rivalry Paths to the End of Communism China: Abandoning Communism and Maintaining the PartyThe Soviet Union: The Collapse of Communism and CountryReflections: To Judge or Not to Judge Second Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: China under Mao, 1949–1976 *Portrait: Anna Dubova, A Peasant Woman and Soviet CommunistConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Experiencing Stalinism 21.1—Stalin on Stalinism: Joseph Stalin, "The Results of the First Five-Year Plan," 1933 21.2—Living through Collectivization: Maurice Hindus, Red Bread, 193121.3—Living through Industrialization: Personal Accounts of Soviet Industrialization, 1930s 21.4—Living through the Terror: Personal Accounts of the Terror, 1930sUsing the EvidenceVisual Sources: Poster Art in Mao’s China Smashing the Old SocietyBuilding the New Society: The People’s CommuneWomen, Nature, and Industrialization The Cult of MaoUsing the Evidence22 The End of Empire: The Global South on the Global Stage, 1914–Present Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence The End of Empire in World HistoryExplaining African and Asian IndependenceComparing Freedom Struggles The Case of India: Ending British RuleThe Case of South Africa: Ending ApartheidExperiments with FreedomExperiments in Political Order: Party, Army, and the Fate of DemocracyExperiments in Economic Development: Changing Priorities, Varying OutcomesExperiments with Culture: The Role of Islam in Turkey and Iran Reflections: History in the Middle of the Stream Second Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurveSnapshot: World Population Growth, 1950-2011*Portrait: Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Muslim PacifistConsidering the EvidenceDocuments: Contending for Islam 22.1—A Secular State for an Islamic Society in Turkey: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Speech to the General Congress of the Republican Party, 192722.2—Political Islam: Ayatollah Khomeini, Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini, 198022.3—Progressive Islam: Kabir Helminski, "Islam and Human Values," 200922.4—Abandoning Islam: Ayaan Hirsi Ail, From Islam to America, 2010Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Representing IndependenceAfrican National CongressVietnamese Independence and Victory over the United StatesWinning a Jewish National StateA Palestinian Nation in the MakingUsing the Evidence23 Capitalism and Culture: A New Phase of Global Interaction, since 1945 The Transformation of the World EconomyReglobalizationGrowth, Instability, and InequalityGlobalization and an American Empire The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on FeminismFeminism in the WestFeminism in the Global South International Feminism Religion and Global Modernity Fundamentalism on a Global ScaleCreating Islamic Societies: Resistance and Renewal in the World of IslamReligious Alternatives to Fundamentalism Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism The Global Environment TransformedGreen and GlobalFinal Reflections: Pondering the OARSecond Thoughts What’s the Significance?Big Picture QuestionsNext Steps: For Further StudyLearningCurve*Snapshot: Global Development and Inequality: 2011*Portrait: Rachel Carson, Pioneer of EnvironmentalismConsidering the Evidence*Documents: Voices of Global Feminism 23.1—Communist Feminism: Alexandra Kollotai, "Communism and the Family," 192023.2—Western Feminism: Andrea Dworkin, "Remember, Resist, Do Not Comply," 1995 23.3—Black American Feminism: Combahee River Collective, A Black Feminist Statement, 197723.4—Islamic Feminism: Benzair Bhutto, Politics and the Muslim Woman, 198523.5—Mexican Zapatista Feminists: Indigenous Womens Petition, March 1, 1994 and The Womens Revolutionary Law, January 1, 1994Using the EvidenceVisual Sources: Experiencing Globalization Globalization and WorkGlobalization and ConsumerismGlobalization and ProtestGlobalization: One World or Many?Using the EvidenceNotesIndexAcknowledgmentsAbout the Author
*new to this edition
Robert W. Strayer
Robert W. Strayer (Ph.D., University of Wisconsin) brings wide experience in world history to the writing of Ways of the World. His teaching career began in Ethiopia where he taught high school world history for two years as part of the Peace Corps. At the university level, he taught African, Soviet, and world history for many years at the State University of New York-College at Brockport, where he received Chancellors Awards for Excellence in Teaching and for Excellence in Scholarship. In 1998 he was visiting professor of world and Soviet history at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand. Since moving to California in 2002, he has taught world history at the University of California, Santa Cruz; California State University, Monterey Bay; and Cabrillo College. He is a long-time member of the World History Association and served on its Executive Committee. He has also participated in various AP® World History gatherings, including two years as a reader. His publications include Kenya: Focus on Nationalism, The Making of Mission Communities in East Africa, The Making of the Modern World, Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse?, and The Communist Experiment.
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