Through Women's Eyes, Volume 1

Preface for Instructors

Contents

Special Features

Introduction for Students

Chapter 1: America in the World, to 1650

Native American Women

Indigenous Peoples before 1492

The Pueblo Peoples

The Iroquois Confederacy

Native Women’s Worlds

Reading into the Past: Two Sisters and Acoma Origins

Europeans Arrive

Early Spanish Expansion

Spain’s Northern Frontier

Fish and Furs in the North

Early British Settlements

African Women and the Atlantic Slave Trade

Women in West Africa

The Early Slave Trade

Racializing Slavery

African Slavery in the Americas

Conclusion: Many Beginnings

Chapter Review

PRIMARY SOURCES: European Images of Native American Women

Theodor Galle, America (c. 1580)

Indians Planting Corn, from Theodor de Bry, Great Voyages (1590)

Canadian Iroquois Women Making Maple Sugar, from Joseph-François Lafitau, Moeurs des Sauvages Amériquains (1724)

John White, Theire sitting at meate (c. 1585–1586)

Theodor deBry, Theire sitting at meate (1590), based on a drawing by John White

John White, A Chief Lady of Pomeiooc and Her Daughter

John Beverley, A Woman and a Boy Running After Her (1705)

ohn White, Eskimo Woman (1577)

Pocahontas Convinces Her Father, Chief Powhatan, to Spare the Life of Captain John Smith, from John Smith, Generall Historie of Virginia (1612)

Pocahontas (1616)

Notes

Suggested References

Chapter 2: Colonial Worlds, 1607–1750

A Native New World

Southern British Colonies

British Women in the Southern Colonies

African Women

Northern British Colonies

The Puritan Search for Order: The Family and the Law

Disorderly Women

Women’s Work and Consumption Patterns

Dissenters from Dissenters: Women in Pennsylvania

Reading into the Past: Trial of Anne Hutchinson

Reading into the Past: Jane Fenn Hoskens, Quaker Preacher

Beyond the British Settler Colonies

New Netherland

New France

New Spain

Native Grounds of the North American Interior

Conclusion: The Diversity of American Women

Chapter Review

PRIMARY SOURCES: By and About Colonial Women

Laws on Women and Slavery

Laws of Virginia (1643, 1662)

Legal Proceedings

Michael Baisey’s Wife (1654)

Judith Catchpole (1656)

Mrs. Agatha Stubbings (1645)

Witchcraft Testimony

Testimony of John Porter and Lydia Porter v. Sarah Bibber (June 29, 1692)

Testimony of Joseph Fowler v. Sarah Bibber (June 29, 1692)

Testimony of Thomas Jacobs and Mary Jacobs v. Sarah Bibber (June 29, 1692)

Answer of Mary Bradbury (September 9, 1692)

Testimony of Thomas Bradbury for Mary Bradbury (July 28, 1692)

Newspaper Advertisements

South Carolina Gazette, Charleston (October 22, 1744)

South Carolina Gazette, Charleston (December 23, 1745)

Boston Gazette (April 28, 1755)

Boston Gazette (June 20, 1735)

Letters

Eliza Lucas Pinckney, To Miss Bartlett

Elizabeth Sprigs, To Mr. John Sprigs White Smith in White Cross Street near Cripple Gate London (1756)

PRIMARY SOURCES: Depictions of "Family" in Colonial America

Elizabeth Freake and Child (1674)

Johannes and Elsie Schuyler (ca. 1720s)

The Potter Family (cd. 1740)

Mestizo Family (c. 1715)

Mulatto Family (c. 1715)

Indian Family (c. 1715)

Notes

Suggested References

Chapter 3: Mothers and Daughters of the Revolution, 1750–1810

Background to Revolution, 1754–1775

Social Change in the Eighteenth Century

The Growing Confrontation

Liberty’s Daughters: Women and the Emerging Crisis

Reading into the Past: Hannah Griffitts, The Female Patriots, Address’d to the Daughters of Liberty in America (1768)

Women and the Face of War, 1775–1783

Choosing Sides: Native American and African American Women

White Women: Pacifists, Tories, and Patriots

Maintaining the Troops: The Women Who Served

Revolutionary Era Legacies

A Changing World for Native American Women

African American Women: Freedom and Slavery

White Women: An Ambiguous Legacy

Limited Citizenship: White Women’s Legal Status and Education

Women and Religion

Reading into the Past: Ona Judge’s Escape (1796)

Conclusion: To the Margins of Political Action

Chapter Review

PRIMARY SOURCES: Gendering Images of the Revolution

"A Society of Patriotic Ladies" (1774)

Miss Fanny’s Maid (1770)

"The Female Combatants" (1776)

Edward Savage, "Liberty in the Form of the Goddess of Youth Giving Support to the Bald Eagle" (1796)

Samuel Jennings, Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences (1792)

PRIMARY SOURCES: Phillis Wheatley, Poet and Slave

Portrait

Scipio Moorhead, Phillis Wheatley (1773)

Letters

To Arbour Tanner (1772)

To Rev. Samson Occom (1774)

Poems

On Being Brought from Africa to America (1772)

To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth, His Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State for North America

PRIMARY SOURCES: Education and Republican Motherhood

"A Peculiar Mode of Education"

Benjamin Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education (1787)

"All That Independence Which Is Proper to Humanity"

Judith Sargent Murray, On the Equality of the Sexes (1790)

Notes

Suggested References

Chapter 4: Pedestal, Loom, and Auction Block, 1800–1860

The Ideology of True Womanhood

Christian Motherhood

A Middle-Class Ideology

Domesticity in a Market Age

Reading into the Past: Catharine Beecher, The Peculiar Responsibilities of the American Woman

Women and Wage Earning

From Market Revolution to Industrial Revolution

The Mill Girls of Lowell

The End of the Lowell Idyll

At the Bottom of the Wage Economy

Women, Slavery, and the South

Southern Native Americans and U.S. Removal Policy

Plantation Patriarchy

Plantation Mistresses

Non-elite White Women

Enslaved Women

Reading into the Past: Beloved Children: Cherokee Women Petition the National Council

Reading into the Past: Mary Boykin Chesnut, Slavery a Curse to Any Land

Conclusion: True Womanhood and the Reality of Women’s Lives

Chapter 4 Review

PRIMARY SOURCES: Prostitution in New York City, 1858

William W. Sanger, The History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes, and Effects throughout the World (1858)

PRIMARY SOURCES: Mothering under Slavery

Documents

The Planter’s Guide and Family Book of Medicine (1848)

Fannie Moore Remembers Her Mother and Grandmother (1937)

Photographs

Fannie Moore, Age 88 (ca. 1937)

"Rosemary" Plantation Photo Album (ca. 1890s–1910s)

Advertisements for Wet Nurses

City Gazette and Daily Advertiser (October 28, 1795)

The Southern Patriot (May 10, 1842)

The Charleston Mercury (June 7, 1856)

Antebellum Slave Narrative

Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861)

PRIMARY SOURCES: Godey’s Lady’s Book

The Constant, or the Anniversary Present (1851)

The Teacher (1844)

Purity (1850)

Cooks (1852)

Shoe Shopping (1848)

PRIMARY SOURCES: Early Photographs of Factory Operatives and Slave Women

Four Women Mill Workers (1860)

Two Women Mill Workers (1860)

Amoskeag Manufacturing Company Workers (1854)

The Hayward Family’s Slave Louisa with Her Legal Owner (c. 1858)

Thomas Easterly, Family with Their Slave Nurse (c. 1850)

Timothy O’Sullivan, Plantation in Beaufort, South Carolina (1862)

Notes

Suggested References

Chapter 5: Shifting Boundaries: Expansion, Reform, and Civil War, 1840–1865

An Expanding Nation, 1843–1861

Overland by Trail

The Underside of Expansion: Native Women and Californianas

The Gold Rush

Reading Into the Past: Narrative of Mrs. Rosalía Vallejo Leese (1883)

Antebellum Reform

Expanding Woman’s Sphere: Maternal, Moral, and Temperance Reform

Exploring New Territory: Radical Reform in Family and Sexual Life

Crossing Political Boundaries: Abolitionism

Entering New Territory: Women’s Rights

Reading into the Past: Sojourner Truth, I Am as Strong as Any Man

Civil War, 1861–1865

Women and the Impending Crisis

Women’s Involvement in the War

Emancipation

Conclusion: Reshaping Boundaries, Redefining Womanhood

Chapter Review

PRIMARY SOURCES: Female Labor in the Gold Rush Economy

Panning for Gold in Auburn Ravine (ca. 1852)

Luzena Stanley Wilson ’49er

Peter and Nancy Gooch (1858)

Nancy Gooch and the Monroe Family (ca. 1870)

Barbara Longknife to Stand Watie (June 8, 1854)

Barbara Longknife to Stand Watie, (October 11, 1857)

Indienne Californienne du Sud (ca. 1850s)

An Act for the Governance and Protection of Indians (1850)

"Story of ‘Shasta,’ an Indian Orphan Child (1856)

PRIMARY SOURCES: Women’s Rights Partnership: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in the 1850s and 1860s

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Recalls Meeting Susan B. Anthony (1881)

Anthony to Cady Stanton, Rochester (May 26, 1856)

Anthony to Cady Stanton, Home-Getting, along towards 12 O’Clock (June 5, 1856)

Cady Stanton to Anthony, Seneca Falls (June 10, 1856)

Susan B. Anthony, Why the Sexes Should Be Educated Together (1856)

Susan B. Anthony, Make the Slave’s Case Our Own (1859)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, To the American Anti-Slavery Society (May 8, 1860)

Cady Stanton to Anthony, Seneca Falls (December 15, 1859)

Anthony to Cady Stanton, Leavenworth, Kansas (April 19, 1865)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, Call for a Meeting of the Loyal Women of the Nation (1863)

PRIMARY SOURCES: Women on the Civil War Battlefields

F. O. C. Darley, Midnight on the Battlefield (1890)

William Ludwell Sheppard, In the Hospital (1861)

Daughters of Charity with Doctors and Soldiers, Satterlee Hospital, Philadelphia (c. 1863)

Susie King Taylor

Harriet Tubman

Rose O’Neal Greenhow in the Old Capitol Prison with Her Daughter (1862)

F. O. C. Darley, A Woman in Battle — "Michigan Bridget" Carrying the Flag (1888)

Madam Velazquez in Female Attire and Harry T. Buford, 1st Lieutenant, Independent Scouts, Confederate States Army

Notes

Suggested References

Chapter 6: Reconstructing Women’s Lives North and South, 1865–1900

Gender and the Postwar Constitutional Amendments

Constitutionalizing Women’s Rights

A New Departure for Woman Suffrage

Women’s Lives in Southern Reconstruction and Redemption

Black Women in the New South

White Women in the New South

Racial Conflict in Slavery’s Aftermath

Reading into the Past: Mary Tape, What Right Have You? (1855)

Female Wage Labor and the Triumph of Industrial Capitalism

Women’s Occupations after the Civil War

Who Were the Women Wage Earners?

Responses to Working Women

Class Conflict and Labor Organization

Reading into the Past: Leonora Barry, Women in the Knights of Labor

Women of the Leisured Classes

New Sources of Wealth and Leisure

The "Woman’s Era"

The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

Consolidating the Gilded Age Women’s Movement

Looking to the Future

Reading into the Past: Harriot Stanton Blatch, Voluntary Motherhood

Conclusion: Toward a New Womanhood

Chapter Review

PRIMARY SOURCES: Ida B. Wells, "Race Woman"

Ida B. Wells with the Family of Thomas Moore (1892)

Ida B. Wells, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (1970)

PRIMARY SOURCES: The Woman Who Toils

Mrs. John (Bessie) Van Vorst and Marie Van Vorst, The Woman Who Toils: Being the Experiences of Two Ladies as Factory Girls (1903)

PRIMARY SOURCES: The Higher Education of Women in the Postbellum Years

Women Students Modeling Senior Plugs, University of California (c. 1900)

Class in Zoology, Wellesley College (1883–1884)

Basketball Team, Wells College (1904)

Class in American History, Hampton Institute (1899–1900)

Science Class, Washington, D.C., Normal College (1899)

Graduating Class, Medical College of Syracuse University (1876)

PRIMARY SOURCES: The New Woman

What We Are Coming To (1898)

In a Twentieth Century Club (1895)

Picturesque America (1900)

The Scorcher (1897)

Nellie Bly, on the Fly (1890)

Women Bachelors in New York (1896)

Notes

Suggested References

Chapter 7: Women in an Expanding Nation: Consolidation of the West, Mass Immigration, and the Crisis of the 1890s

Consolidating the West

Native Women in the West

Colonial Settler Families in the West

The "Wild West"

Late Nineteenth-Century Immigration

The Decision to Immigrate

The Immigrant’s Journey

Reception of the Immigrants

Immigrant Daughters

Immigrant Wives and Mothers

Reading into the Past: Emma Goldman, Living My Life

Century’s End: Challenges, Conflict, and Imperial Ventures

Rural Protest, Populism, and the Battle for Woman Suffrage

Class Conflict and the Pullman Strike of 1894

The Settlement House Movement

Epilogue to the Crisis: The Spanish-American War of 1898

Reading into the Past: Clemencia Lopez, Women of the Philippines

Conclusion: Nationhood and Womanhood on the Eve of a New Century

Chapter Review

PRIMARY SOURCES: Representing Native American Women in the Late Nineteenth Century

Indian Sledge Journey (1875)

Hopi Potter Nampeyo (1900)

Pueblo Women Greet Tourists (1902)

Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (1898)

Angel DeCora, Grey Wolf’s Daughter (1899)

Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, Life Among the Piutes (1883)

Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, From Silver Slate (July 9, 1886)

PRIMARY SOURCES: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House

Twenty Years at Hull House (1910)

PRIMARY SOURCES: Jacob Riis’s Photographs of Immigrant Girls and Women

In the Home of an Italian Ragpicker: Jersey Street

Knee Pants at Forty-Five Cents a Dozen — A Ludlow Street Sweater’s Shop

Police Station Lodgers: Women’s Lodging Room in the West 47th Street Station

"I Scrubs": Katie Who Keeps House on West 49th Street

Notes

Suggested References

Index