First Peoples

Preface

Maps Tables, and Charts

Introduction: American Indians in American History

Perspectives on the Past

America’s Master Narrative

Indian History: A Shared Past

Working with Sources

A Note on Name Usage and Geographic Focus

Precontact Population

Creation Stories and Migration Theories

Debates over Native Origins

Glimpses of Precontact Societies

West Coast Affluence

Columbia Plateau Fishers

Great Basin Foragers

First Buffalo Hunters of the Plains

First Farmers of the Southwest

Farmers and Mound Builders of the Eastern Woodlands

Emerging Tribes and Confederacies

Seaborne Strangers

Hastin Tlo’tsi hee, The Beginning

John Norton, Iroquois Creation Story (c. 1816)

PICTURE ESSAY: Early American Cities, Settlements, and Centers

The Ruins of Pueblo Bonito

Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde

Cahokia Mounds, c. a.d. 1150–1200

John White, Indian Village of Secoton (1585)

Iroquois Longhouse

Native America through the European Lens

Enduring Images

Changing New World Landscapes

Biological Catastrophes

A Mission for Gold and God

Conquest of the Aztecs

Searching for Other Empires

North American Attempts to Colonize and Christianize

The Pueblo War of Independence

Commerce and Conflict

Pelts and Priests

Securing a Beachhead in Virginia

Making a New England

Indians in Colonial Societies

Colonists in Indian Societies

The Impact of the Fur Trade

The Cost of the Fur Trade

Indian Slavery

William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation (1590–1657)

Jean de Brébeuf, The Mission to the Hurons (1635–37)

Chrestien LeClerq, A Mi’kmaq Questions French "Civilization" (1677)

Theodore de Bry, Engraving depicting Christopher Columbus landing on Hispaniola (1592)

William Powell, The Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto in 1541 (1853)

Spaniards on Horseback 

Johnathan Warm Day, The Last Supper

Two Indian Wars of Independence

King Philip’s War

The Pueblo War of Independence

Attempts at Diplomatic Balance

A World Transformed by War

The French and English War

Division within Tribal Communities

Captives Taken, Captives Returned

Horses Transform the Plains

Jostling for Position on the Plains

At the Confluence of Guns and Horses

War and Diplomacy on the Southern Plains

John Easton, Metacomet Explains the Causes of "King Philip’s War," from A Relacion of the Indyan Warre (1675)

Declaration of the Indian Juan (1681)

Treaty between the Abenaki Indians and the English at Casco Bay (1727)

Loron Sauguaarum, An Account of Negotiations Leading to the Casco Bay Treaty (1727)

Tanaghrisson, Speech Defying the French

Mary Jemison (Dickewamis), A Narrative of Her Life (1824)

John Verelst, Tac Yec Neen Ho Gar Ton (Hendrick, "Emperor of the Six Nations") (1701)

Isaac Basire, Seven Cherokees (1730)

William Verelst, Creek Delegation Meets the Trustees of Georgia (1734) Francis Parsons, Cunne Shote (1762)

Jonathan Spilsbury, after Mason Chamberlain, The Reverend Mr. Samson Occom (1768)

Pontiac’s War: Indians Confront a New Empire

Attempting to Draw a Line

Indian Loyalties Divided

Treaties of Peace and Conquest

The United States Develops an Indian — and a Land — Policy

Indians Build a United Defense

Emerging and Colliding Powers on the Plains

California Missions

The Pacific Northwest Pelt Rush

Smallpox Used Them Up

An Oneida Declaration of Neutrality (1775)

Henry Stuart, Report from Cherokee Country (1776)

Western Indians, Message to the Commissioners of the United States (1793)

John Webber, A View in Ship Cove, Nootka Sound (1778)

John Webber, Interior of Habitation at Nootka Sound (1778)

John Webber, A Woman of Nootka Sound (1778)

John Webber, A Man of Nootka Sound (1778)

John Webber, A Woman of Prince William’s Island (1778)

John Webber, A Man of Oonalashka (1778)

Adapting to New Ways

The Last Phases of United Indian Resistance

Encounters on the Missouri

Over the Mountains and Back

Roots of the Removal Policy

The Cherokee Resistance

Implementing Removal in the South

Removal in the North

Surviving behind the Frontier: Race, Class, and History in Nineteenth-Century New England

Tecumseh, Speech to the Osages (c.1881)

Meriwether Lewis, An Account of His Fight with the Blackfeet (1806)

Cherokee Women, Petition (May 2, 1817)

Cherokee Women, Petition (June 30, 1818)

John Marshall, Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

John Ross, Reactions to Worcester v. Georgia: Letter to Richard Taylor, John Baldridge, Sleeping Rabbit, Sicketowee, and Wahachee (April 28, 1832)

Karl Bodmer, The Interior of the Hut of a Mandan Chief

Diagram of the Interior of an Earth Lodge

George Catlin, Mint, a Pretty Girl

Karl Bodmer, Pehriska-Ruhpa, Moennitarri Warrior, in the Costume of the Dog Dance

George Catlin, Pigeon’s Egg Head (The Light) Going to and Returning from Washington

The Ravages of Disease

Ethnic Cleansing in Texas, c. 1836–48

American Empire Reaches the Pacific Northwest, 1846–56

Genocide and Exploitation in California

Opening Clashes on the Plains, 1851–56

Indian Experiences during the American Civil War

Final Treaties and Ongoing Conflicts, 1866–74

Battles for Sacred Lands and Homelands, 1875–78

The End of Apache Resistance

Indian Scouts and Allies

Return of the Prophets

The Dohasan Calendar (1832–92)

Treaty with the Sioux — Brulé, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santee — and Arapaho (1868)

Chief Joseph, An Indian’s View of Indian Affairs (1879)

William Cary, The Death Struggle of General Custer (1876)

Custer’s Last Stand (1904)

Little Big Man (1970) 

Lakotas Fighting Custer’s Command

Indian Memorial at Little Bighorn

Policies of Detribalization

Resistance Takes New Forms

The Dawes Allotment Act (1887)

Indian Territory Becomes Oklahoma

Removing Children from the Tribe

Life in the Schools

Surviving the Schools, Using the Education

The Two Worlds of Ohiyesa and Charles Eastman

"I Still Live": Indians in American Society

Cultural Expression and the American Way

A New Generation of Leaders

Soldiers and Citizens

Indian Affairs in the 1920s

Merrill E. Gates, From the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners (1885)

Carlos Montezuma, What Indians Must Do (1914)

Luther Standing Bear, What a School Could Have Been Established (1933)

Zitkala-Ša, The Melancholy of Those Black Days (1921)

Howling Wolf, Cheyenne Warrior Striking an Enemy

Courtship Scene

Paul Caryl Zotom, On the Parapet of Ft. Marion Next Day after Arrival (c. 1875)

Distribution of Goods

Chief Killer, Education of the Fort Marion Prisoners (1875–78)

Wo-Haw, Self-Portrait (c. 1875)

John Collier and the Indian New Deal

The Indian Reorganization Act

Opposing and Disputing the IRA

Indians and World War II

The Indian Claims Commission

Removing the Government’s Trust Responsibilities

Relocation and Urban Indians

Drowning Homelands

Upheaval in America

The Rise of Indian Militancy

Siege at Wounded Knee

Legacies of Wounded Knee

John Collier, An "Indian Renaissance," from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1935)

D’Arcy McNickle, Four Years of Indian Reorganization

Ignatia Broker, Brought to a Brotherhood (1983)

Clyde Warrior, "We Are Not Free": From Testimony before the President’s National Advisory Commission on Rural Poverty (1967)

Mary Crow Dog, A Woman’s View from Wounded Knee (1991)

Banning the Swastika

Iroquois Declare War on the Axis Powers on the Steps of the U.S. Capitol, June 1942

Indian Women in the Marine Corps Reserve

Navajo Code Talkers, December 1943

Flag Raising at Iwo Jima

Quincy Tahoma, First Furlough (1943)

Protecting Women’s Reproductive Rights

Regaining Rights: Child Welfare and Religious Freedom

Indian Education for Indian Students

Tribal Colleges

Coal, Uranium, Oil, and Gas

Fighting For and Against Water

Victories for Tribal Rights

Chipping Away at Tribal Sovereignty

The Rise of Indian Gaming

A Devil’s Bargain?

Changes at the BIA

Repatriation and a New Museum

A New Embassy and a New "White Father"

Supreme Court of the United States, Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe (1978

Vine Deloria Jr., The Popularity of Being Indian: A New Trend in Contemporary American Society (1984)

Wilma Mankiller, Returning the Balance (1993)

David P. Bradley, Indian Country Today (1996)

Harry Fonseca, Coyote Woman in the City (1979)

Peter Jones, Sovereign –Indian

Jack Malotte, It’s Hard to Be -Traditional When You’re All Plugged In

Bunky Echo-Hawk, Before Here Was Here

The Census: An Evolving Profile of Indian America

Who Is an Indian?

"Recognized" and "Nonrecognized" Tribes

Old Stereotypes and New Images

"The White Man’s Indian

Playing Indian and Fighting Mascots

Nations, Not Minorities

Third Sovereigns, Triple Citizens, and Tribal Justice

Global Indigenous Nations

Building Prosperity through Sovereignty

Confronting Drugs and Alcohol

Balancing Ways of Healing

Restoring Safety to Tribal Citizens

The Welfare of Indian Children

Protecting Culture and Preserving Language

Educating Citizens

Nuclear Waste in Indian Country

The Earth Hurts

Global Warming and New Partnerships

Protesting Pipelines

Deborah Parker, I am a Native Statistic (2012)

United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Statement on the Dakota Access Pipeline (November 4, 2016)

Dave Archambault II, Standing Rock Siox Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (February 10, 2017)

International Indian Treaty Council, Declaration of Continuing Independence (June 1974)

General Assembly of the United Nations, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (September 13, 2007)

Pawnee Nation Flag

Tribal Police

Navajo Supreme Court

Tipis on the Mall

Standing with Standing Rock