Brown v. Board of Education by Waldo E. Martin - First Edition, 1998 from Macmillan Student Store

Brown v. Board of Education

First  Edition©1998 Waldo E. Martin

About

Addressing the origins, development, meanings, and consequences of the 1954 Supreme Court decision to end Jim Crow segregation, Brown v. Board of Education presents the case as an event, a symbol, and a key marker in the black liberation struggle.

Table of Contents

Foreword

Preface

 

Introduction: Shades of Brown: Black Freedom, White Supremacy, and the Law

Historical Backdrop: The Constitution, the Law, and Fighting Jim Crow

The Evolution of the NAACP Legal Campaign Against Jim Crow

The NAACP’s Legal Strategy Challenged

The Growing Anti-Racist Offensive: An American Dilemma Confronts World War II

Continuity and Change in the Legal Struggle: Equality, Equalization, and Direct Attack

Politics, Social Change, and Decision-Making within the Supreme Court: The Crafting of Brown

The Brown Decision: Immediate Response and Immediate Consequences

1. Roberts v. City of Boston (1849)

A Petition on Behalf of Black Inclusion in the Boston Common Schools, October 17, 1787

Maria W. Stewart, A Black Teacher’s Travail, 1850s

Fugitive Slave Poster, 1851

Charles Sumner, Brief for Public School Integration, 1849

Massachusetts Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw, Opinion of the Court in Roberts v. City of Boston, 1849

2. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Henry McNeal Turner, "Civil Rights: The Outrage of the Supreme Court of the United States upon the Black Man," 1889

Ida B. Wells-Barnett, "The Case Stated," 1895

Paul Laurence Dunbar, "We Wear the Mask," 1895

Justice Henry Brown, Majority Opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

Justice John Marshall Harlan, Dissenting Opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

3. Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)

"Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916-1918," 1919

Langston Hughes, "I, Too," 1926

W. E. B. DuBois, "Does the Negro Need Separate Schools?" 1935

Gunnar Myrdal, From An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, 1944

The Petitioner’s Brief in Sweatt v. Painter, 1950

Chief Justice Fred Vinson, Opinion of the Court in Sweatt v. Painter, 1950

Chief Justice Fred Vinson, Opinion of the Court in McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 1950

4. Brown v. Board of Education (1952-55)

Mississippi Voter Registration Form, 1955

The Lower Court Round: Preliminary Deliberations

Judge John J. Parker, Decision in Briggs v. Elliott, 1951

Judge J. Waties Waring, Dissent in Briggs v. Elliott, 1951

The Supreme Court Rounds: The Making of Brown I and Brown II

Round One: Setting the Stage

Appellants’ Brief, 1952

"The Effects of Segregation and the Consequences of Desegregation: A Social Science Statement," Appendix to Appellants’ Brief

Appellees’ Brief, 1952

Round Two: Reargument on Original Intent and Possible Relief

The Supreme Court’s Order: The Questions, 1953

Appellants’ Brief, 1953

Appellees’ Brief, 1953

Federal Friend-of-the-Court Brief, 1953

Chief Justice Earl Warren, Opinion of the Court in Brown v. Board of Education, May 17, 1954

Round Three: Reargument on Remedy – Immediate or Gradual?

Appellants’ Brief, 1954

Appellees’ Brief, 1954

Appellants’ Reply Brief, 1954

Chief Justice Earl Warren, Ruling on Relief, May 31, 1955

5. Popular Response to Brown

Newspaper Editorials

"All God’s Chillun," Times (New York), May 18, 1954

The Decision of a Century, Daily World (Atlanta), May 18, 1954

Will Stun Communists, Courier (Pittsburgh), May 18, 1954

End of Dual Society, Defender (Chicago), May 18, 1954

Emancipation, Post and Times Herald (Washington, D.C.), May 18, 1954

The Supreme Court Has Given Us Time, Constitution (Atlanta), May 18, 1954

Bloodstains on White Marble Steps, Daily News (Jackson, Miss.), May 18, 1954

The Pattern of the Future, Gazette (Arkansas), May 18, 1954

Equality Redefined, Herald (Boston), May 18, 1954

The Segregation Decision, Times (Los Angeles), May 19, 1954

"Violates" Way of Life, Cavalier Daily, University of Virginia, May 18, 1954

Adjustment Held Difficult, Mississippian, University of Mississippi, May 18, 1954

Letters to Editors

Times (New York), May 31, 1954

Sentinel (Orlando), August 11, 1955

Political Cartoons

Chronicle (San Francisco), May 18, 1954

Christian Science Monitor (Boston), May 22, 1954

Democrat (Arkansas), May 22, 1954

Tennessean (Nashville), May 22, 1954

Afro-American (Richmond), May 22, 1954

Defender (Chicago), June 12, 1954

White Backlash

The Southern Manifesto, March 12, 1956

White Citizen’s Council Notice

National Progress Report: Realizing Integrated Schools

Decade of Desegregation, Times (New York), May 17, 1964

Two Decades Later, Times (New York), May 17, 1974

The Enduring Promise of Brown, Times (New York), May 17, 1984

Forty Years and Still Struggling, Times (New York), May 18, 1994

Epilogue: The Legacy of Brown

 

APPENDICES

Chronology of Events Related to Brown v. Board of Education

Selected Bibliography

Index

Waldo E. Martin, Jr.

Waldo E. Martin Jr. is professor of history at the University of California, Berkeley. His scholarly and teaching interests include modern American history and culture with an emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; his principal areas of research and writing are African American intellectual and cultural history. He is the author of "A Change is Gonna Come": Black Movement, Culture, and the Transformation of America 1945-1975 (forthcoming) and The Mind of Frederick Douglass (1985); he coedited, with Patricia Sullivan, The Encyclopedia of Civil Rights in the Untied States (forthcoming). Martin has published numerous articles and lectured widely on Frederick Douglass and on modern African American cultural and intellectual history.