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A History of World Societies, Value Edition, Volume 2
Twelfth EditionMerry E. Wiesner-Hanks; Patricia Buckley Ebrey; Roger B. Beck; Jerry Davila; Clare Haru Crowston; John P. McKay
©2021ISBN:9781319304539
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Learn about world history through the stories of individuals and the societies they lived in
A History of World Societies, Twelfth Edition provides a regional approach to global history that is easily understood and presented in straightforward sections. With a focus on social history, students see how the stories of individuals affected the arc of global history. This book is also enhanced by LearningCurve, our easy-to-use adaptive learning system that will ensure that you come to class prepared.
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Learn MoreTable of Contents
Preface
Versions and Supplements
Maps, Figures, and Tables
16
The Acceleration of Global Contact
1450–1600
The Afro-Eurasian Trade World
The Trade World of the Indian Ocean • Peoples and Cultures of Southeast Asia • Muslim Influences and African Trade • Genoese and Venetian Middlemen
The European Voyages of Discovery
Causes of European Expansion • Technology and the Rise of Exploration • The Portuguese in Africa and Asia • Spain’s Voyages to the Americas • Spain "Discovers" the Pacific • Early Exploration by Northern European Powers
Conquest and Settlement
Spanish Conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires • Portuguese Brazil • Colonial Administration • Economic Exploitation of the Indigenous Population • Patterns of Settlement
The Era of Global Contact
Population Loss and the Ecological Impacts of Contact • Sugar and Early Transatlantic Slavery • Spanish Silver and Its Economic Effects • The Birth of the Global Economy
Changing Attitudes and Beliefs
Religious Conversion • European Debates About Indigenous Peoples • New Ideas About Race
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 16 REVIEW
17
The Islamic World Powers
1300–1800
The Islamic Empires: The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
Environmental Challenges • The Expansion of the Ottoman Empire • Land-Holding, Slavery and Imperial Administrations • The Safavid Empire in Persia • The Mughal Empire in India
Religious Developments
Religious Legitimacy and Orthodoxy • Sufism • Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule
Cultural Flowering
The Arts • City and Palace Building • Gardens • Intellectual Advances
New Patterns of Trade and European Penetration
New Forms of Consumption • The Impact of Gunpowder • European Trade in Asia and the Islamic Powers’ Response • From the British East India Company to the British Empire in India
Political Decline
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 17 REVIEW
18
European Power and Expansion
1500–1750
The Protestant and Catholic Reformations
The Protestant Reformation • The Catholic Reformation • Religious Violence
Seventeenth-Century Crisis and Rebuilding
The Social Order and Peasant Life • Environmental, Economic, and Social Crisis • The Thirty Years’ War • European Achievements in State-Building
Absolutist States in Western and Central Europe
Spain • The Foundations of French Absolutism • Louis XIV and Absolutism • The Wars of Louis XIV • The Absolutist Palace • The Austrian Habsburgs
Alternatives to Absolutism
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth • The Failure of Absolutism in England • The Puritan Protectorate • Constitutional Monarchy • The Dutch Republic
Colonial Expansion and Empire
The Dutch Trading Empire • Colonial Empires of England and France • Mercantilism and Colonial Wars • People Beyond Borders
The Russian Empire
Mongol Rule in Russia and the Rise of Moscow • Building the Russian Empire • Peter the Great and Russia’s Turn to the West
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 18 REVIEW
19
New Worldviews and Ways of Life
1540–1790
The Scientific Revolution
The Muslim Contribution • Scientific Thought to 1550 • Astronomy and Physics • Newton’s Synthesis • Natural History and Empire • Magic and Alchemy
Important Changes in Scientific Thinking and Practice
The Methods of Science • Medicine, the Body, and Chemistry • Science and Religion • Science and Society
The Rise and Spread of Enlightenment
The Early Enlightenment • The Influence of the Philosophes • Enlightenment Movements Across Europe
Key Issues of Enlightenment Debate
Global Contacts • New Definitions of Race • Women and the Enlightenment • Enlightened Absolutism and Its Limits
Economic Change and the Atlantic World
Economic and Demographic Change • The Atlantic Economy • Urban Life and the Public Sphere • Culture and Community in the Atlantic World • The Atlantic Enlightenment
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 19 REVIEW
20
Africa and the World
1400–1800
West Africa in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
The West Coast: Senegambia and Benin • The Sudan: Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausaland • Agriculture, Gender, and Marriage in West Africa • Trade and Industry
Cross-Cultural Encounters Along the East African Coast
Muslim and European Incursions in Ethiopia, ca. 1500–1630 • The Swahili City-States and the Arrival of the Portuguese, ca. 1500–1600
The African Slave Trade
The Institution of Slavery in Africa • The Transatlantic Slave Trade • Impact on African Societies
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 20 REVIEW
21
Continuity and Change in East Asia
1400–1800
Ming China, 1368–1644
The Rise of Zhu Yuanzhang and the Founding of the Ming Dynasty • Problems with the Imperial Institution • The Mongols and the Great Wall • The Examination Life • Everyday Life in Ming China • Ming Decline
The Manchus and Qing China, to 1800
The Rise of the Manchus • Competent and Long-Lived Emperors • Imperial Expansion
Japan’s Middle Ages, ca. 1400–1600
Muromachi Culture • Civil War • The Victors: Nobunaga and Hideyoshi
The Tokugawa Shogunate, to 1800
Tokugawa Government • Commercialization and the Growth of Towns • The Life of the People in the Edo Period
Maritime Trade, Piracy, and the Entry of Europe into the Asian Maritime Sphere
Zheng He’s Voyages • Piracy and Japan’s Overseas Adventures • Europeans Enter the Scene • Christian Missionaries • Learning from the West • The Shifting International Environment in the Eighteenth Century
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 21 REVIEW
22
Revolutions in the Atlantic World
1775–1825
Background to Revolution
Social Change • Demands for Liberty and Equality • The Seven Years’ War
The American Revolutionary Era, 1775–1789
The Origins of the Revolution • Independence from Britain • Framing the Constitution • Limitations of Liberty and Equality
Revolution in France, 1789–1799
Breakdown of the Old Order • The National Assembly • Constitutional Monarchy • The National Convention • The Directory
Napoleon’s Europe, 1799–1815
Napoleon’s Rule of France • Napoleon’s Expansion in Europe • The Grand Empire and Its End
The Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804
Revolutionary Aspirations in Saint-Domingue • The Outbreak of Revolt • The War of Haitian Independence
Revolutions in Latin America
The Origins of the Revolutions Against Colonial Powers • Resistance, Rebellion, and Independence • The Aftermath of Revolution in the Atlantic World
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 22 REVIEW
23
The Revolution in Energy and Industry
1760–1850
The Industrial Revolution in Britain
Why Britain? • Technological Innovations and Early Factories • Steam Power and the Energy Revolution • Breakthrough • Steam-Powered Transportation • Industry and Population
Industrialization in Europe and the World
National and International Variations • Industrialization in Continental Europe • Agents of Industrialization • The Global Picture
New Patterns of Working and Living
Work in Early Factories • Working Families and Children • The Sexual Division of Labor • Living Standards for the Working Class • Environmental Impacts of Industrialization
Relations Between Capital and Labor
The New Class of Factory Owners • Responses to Industrialization • The Early Labor Movement in Britain • The Impact of Slavery
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 23 REVIEW
24
Ideologies of Change in Europe
1815–1914
A Conservative Peace Gives Way to Radical Ideas
The Political and Social Situation After 1815 • Conservatism After 1815 • Liberalism and the Middle Class • The Growing Appeal of Nationalism • The Birth of Socialism
Reforms and Revolutions, 1815–1850
Social and Economic Conflict • Liberal Reform in Great Britain • Revolutions in France •
The Revolutions of 1848 in Central Europe
Nation Building in Italy, Germany, and Russia
Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Unification of Italy • Bismarck and German Unification • The Modernization of Russia
Urban Life in the Age of Ideologies
Improving the Urban Environment • Social Inequality and Class • The Changing Family • Science for the Masses • Cultural Shifts
Nationalism and Socialism, 1871–1914
Trends in Suffrage • The German Empire • Republican France • Great Britain and the Austro-Hungarian Empire • Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism • The Socialist Movement
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 24 REVIEW
25
Africa, the Ottoman Empire, and the New Imperialism
1800–1914
Africa: From the Slave Trade to European Colonial Rule
Trade and Social Change • Islamic Revival and Expansion in Africa • The Scramble for Africa, 1880–1914 • Southern Africa in the Nineteenth Century • Colonialism’s Impact After 1900
The New Imperialism, 1880–1914
Causes of the New Imperialism • A "Civilizing Mission" • Critics of Imperialism • African and Asian Resistance
The Islamic Heartland Under Pressure
Decline and Reform in the Ottoman Empire • Egypt: From Reform to British Occupation •
The Expanding World Economy
The Rise of Global Inequality • The World Market
The Great Global Migration
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 25 REVIEW
26
Asia and the Pacific in the Era of Imperialism
1800–1914
India and the British Empire in Asia
The Evolution of British Rule • The Socioeconomic Effects of British Rule • The British and the Indian Educated Elite
Competition for Southeast Asia
The Dutch East Indies • Mainland Southeast Asia • The Philippines
China Under Pressure
The Opium War • Internal Problems • The Self-Strengthening Movement • Republican Revolution
Japan’s Rapid Transformation
The "Opening" of Japan • The Meiji Restoration • Industrialization • Japan as an Imperial Power
The Pacific Region and the Movement of People
Settler Colonies in the Pacific: Australia and New Zealand • Asian Emigration
The Countries of Asia in Comparative Perspective
The Impact of Foreign Domination • Environmental and Economic Forces
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 26 REVIEW
27
The Americas in the Age of Liberalism
1810–1917
New Nations
Liberalism and Caudillos in Spanish America • Mexico and the United States • Liberal Reform in Mexico • Brazil: A New World Monarchy
Slavery and Abolition
Slave Societies in the Americas • Independence and Abolition • Abolition in Cuba and Brazil
Export-Led Growth and Social Unrest
Latin America Re-enters the World Economy • The Porfiriato and Liberal Stability in Mexico • The Mexican Revolution
Immigration
Immigration to Latin America • Immigration to the United States • Immigration to Canada • Settler Colonialism and its Impacts
A New American Empire
U.S. Intervention in Latin America • The Spanish-American War • The Panama Canal
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 27 REVIEW
28
World War and Revolution
1914–1929
The First World War, 1914–1918
Origins and Causes of the Great War • The Outbreak of War • Stalemate and Slaughter • The War Becomes Global
The Home Front
Mobilizing for Total War • The Social Impact of War • Growing Political Tensions
The Russian Revolution
The Fall of Imperial Russia • The Provisional Government • Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution • Dictatorship and Civil War
The War’s Consequences
The End of the War • The Paris Peace Treaties • American Rejection of the Versailles Treaty
The Search for Peace and Political Stability, 1919–1929
Germany and the Western Powers • Hope in Foreign Affairs • Hope in Democratic Government
The Age of Anxiety
Uncertainty in Philosophy and Religion • The New Physics • Freudian Psychology • Twentieth-Century Literature • Modern Architecture, Art, and Music • Movies and Radio
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 28 REVIEW
29
Nationalism in Asia
1914–1939
The First World War’s Impact on Nationalist Trends
Asian Reaction to the War in Europe • The Mandates System • Nationalism’s Appeal
Nationalist Movements in the Middle East
The Arab Revolt • The Turkish Revolution • Modernization Efforts in Persia and Afghanistan • Gradual Independence in the Arab States • Arab-Jewish Tensions in Palestine
Toward Self-Rule in India
British Promises and Repression • The Roots of Militant Nonviolence • Gandhi’s Resistance Campaign in India
Nationalist Struggles in East and Southeast Asia
The Rise of Nationalist China • China’s Intellectual Revolution • From Liberalism to Ultranationalism in Japan • Japan Against China • Striving for Independence in Southeast Asia
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 29 REVIEW
30
The Great Depression and World War II
1929–1945
The Great Depression, 1929–1939
The Economic Crisis • Mass Unemployment • The New Deal in the United States • The European Response to the Depression • Worldwide Effects
Authoritarian States
Conservative Authoritarianism • Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships
Stalin’s Soviet Union
From Lenin to Stalin • The Five-Year Plans • Life and Culture in Soviet Society • Stalinist Terror and the Great Purges
Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
The Seizure of Power • The Regime in Action
Hitler and Nazism in Germany
The Roots of Nazism • Hitler’s Road to Power • The Nazi State and Society • Hitler’s Popularity • Aggression and Appeasement, 1933–1939
The Second World War, 1939–1945
Hitler’s Empire in Europe, 1939–1942 • The Holocaust • Japan’s Asian Empire • The Grand Alliance • The War in Europe, 1942–1945 • The War in the Pacific, 1942–1945
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 30 REVIEW
31
Decolonization, Revolution, and the Cold War
1945–1968
The World Remade
The Cold War • The United Nations • The Politics of Liberation • Dependency and Development Theories • Interpreting the Postcolonial Experience
Nation Building in South Asia and the Middle East
Independence in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh • Arab Socialism in the Middle East • The Arab-Israeli Conflict
Revolution and Resurgence in East and Southeast Asia
The Communist Victory in China • Conflict in Korea • Japan’s American Reconstruction • The Vietnam War
Decolonization in Africa
The Growth of African Nationalism • Ghana Shows the Way • Countries Emerging from French Rule
Populist and Revolutionary Pathways in Latin America
Economic Nationalism in Mexico • Populism in Argentina and Brazil • Communist Revolution in Cuba
The Limits of Postwar Prosperity
The Soviet Union Struggles to Move Beyond Stalin • Postwar Challenges in Western Europe and the United States • The World in 1968
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 31 REVIEW
32
Liberalization and Liberation
1968–2000s
Oil Shocks and Liberalization
The OPEC Oil Embargo • Mexico Under the PRI • Nigeria, Africa’s Giant • The Camp David Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict • Revolution and War in Iran and Iraq
Latin America: Dictatorship, Debt, and Democratization
Civil Wars in Central America • Boom and Bust in Chile • The Dirty War in Argentina • Development and Dictatorship in Brazil
Gender, Race and Liberation
Gay Liberation • Second-Wave and Third World Feminism • Pan-Africanism, Black Power and the African Diaspora
Resistance to White Rule in Southern Africa
Portuguese Decolonization and Rhodesia • South Africa Under Apartheid • Political Change in Africa Since 1990
Growth and Development in Asia
Japan’s Economic Miracle and the Emergence of the "Asian Tigers" • China’s Economic Resurgence • Development Versus Democracy in India and Pakistan
The End of the Cold War
The Limits of Reform in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe • Recasting Russia Without Communism • Integration and Reform in Europe
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 32 REVIEW
33
The Contemporary World in Historical Perspective
The Neoliberal World and Its Limits
Al-Qaeda and Afghanistan • Conflict and Change in the Middle East • Right Wing Nationalism Re-emerges
Global Circulation and Exchange
Migration • Urbanization • Multinational Corporations
Social Movements
Children: The Right to Childhood • Women’s Right to Equality • LGBTQ Challenges • Environmentalism
Global Climate Change
Causes of Global Warming and Responses to It • Historical Experiences with Climate and Environmental Change • Automobility • Global Energy Reliance • Intensified Agriculture and the Green Revolution • Impacts of Climate Change
Chapter Summary
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CHAPTER 33 REVIEW