Ways of the World: A Brief Global History, Value Edition, Volume 2

The Combined Volume includes all chapters.
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-12.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 12-23.

NOTE: Achieve for Ways of the World 5e includes additional activities and assessments for the book content. Along with the interactive e-books for the comprehensive edition with special features and primary and secondary sources and the companion source reader, Achieve provides quizzes for the source features in the book and the documents in the companion reader, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, study and writing skills tutorials, and a variety of autograded exercises that help students develop their historical thinking skills. Many of these resources are set up for quick use in the pre-built courses in Achieve, which can be customized easily, and Achieve also allows instructors to create quiz questions and upload their own documents. The table of contents here reflects only what appears in the Value Edition.

Preface
Versions and Supplements
Working with Primary Sources
Prologue: From Cosmic History to Human History

PART 1 First Things First: Beginnings in History, to 600 b.c.e.
THE BIG PICTURE Turning Points in Early World History
The Emergence of Humankind
The Globalization of Humankind
The Revolution of Farming and Herding
The Turning Point of Civilization
Time and World History

1. FIRST PEOPLES; FIRST FARMERS: MOST OF HISTORY IN A SINGLE CHAPTER, to 3500 B.C.E.
Out of Africa: First Migrations
Into Eurasia
Into Australia
Into the Americas
Into the Pacific
Paleolithic Lifeways
The First Human Societies
Economy and the Environment
The Realm of the Spirit
Settling Down: The Great Transition
Breakthroughs to Agriculture
Common Patterns
Variations
The Globalization of Agriculture
Triumph and Resistance
The Culture of Agriculture
Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture
Pastoral Societies
Agricultural Village Societies
Chiefdoms
Conclusions and Reflections: History before Civilization
Revisiting Chapter 1
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

2. FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: CITIES, STATES, AND UNEQUAL SOCIETIES, 3500 B.C.E.–600 B.C.E.
Something New: The Emergence of Civilizations
Introducing the First Civilizations
The Question of Origins
An Urban Revolution
The Erosion of Equality
Hierarchies of Class
Hierarchies of Gender
Patriarchy in Practice
The Rise of the State
Coercion and Consent
Writing and Accounting
The Grandeur of Kings
Comparing Mesopotamia and Egypt
Environment and Culture
Cities and States
Interaction and Exchange
Conclusions and Reflections: Pondering “Civilization”
Revisiting Chapter 2
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

PART 2 Continuity and Change in the Second-Wave Era, 600 b.c.e.–600 c.e.
THE BIG PICTURE The Globalization of Civilization

3. STATE AND EMPIRE IN EURASIA / NORTH AFRICA, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.
Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
The Persian Empire
The Greeks
Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars
Collision: Alexander and the Hellenistic Era
Comparing Empires: Roman and Chinese
Rome: From City-State to Empire
China: From Warring States to Empire
Consolidating the Roman and Chinese Empires
The Collapse of Empires
Intermittent Empire: The Case of India
Conclusions and Reflections: Enduring Legacies of Second-Wave Empires
Revisiting Chapter 3
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

4. CULTURE AND RELIGION IN EURASIA / NORTH AFRICA, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.
China and the Search for Order
The Legalist Answer
The Confucian Answer
The Daoist Answer
Cultural Traditions of Classical India
South Asian Religion: From Ritual Sacrifice to Philosophical Speculation
The Buddhist Challenge
Hinduism as a Religion of Duty and Devotion
Toward Monotheism: The Search for God in the Middle East
Zoroastrianism
Judaism
The Cultural Tradition of Classical Greece: The Search for a Rational Order
The Greek Way of Knowing
The Greek Legacy
The Birth of Christianity . . . with Buddhist Comparisons
The Lives of the Founders
The Spread of New Religions
Institutions, Controversies, and Divisions
Conclusions and Reflections: Religion and Historians
Revisiting Chapter 4
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

5. SOCIETY AND INEQUALITY IN EURASIA / NORTH AFRICA, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.
Society and the State in China
An Elite of Officials
The Landlord Class
Peasants
Merchants
Class and Caste in India
Caste as Varna
Caste as Jati
The Functions of Caste
Slavery: The Case of the Roman Empire
Slavery and Civilization
The Making of Roman Slavery
Comparing Patriarchies
A Changing Patriarchy: The Case of China
Contrasting Patriarchies: Athens and Sparta
Conclusions and Reflections: Pondering Inequality
Revisiting Chapter 5
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

6. COMMONALITIES AND VARIATIONS: AFRICA, THE AMERICAS, AND PACIFIC OCEANIA, 600 B.C.E.–1200 C.E.
Continental Comparisons
Civilizations of Africa
Meroë: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization
Axum: The Making of a Christian Kingdom
Along the Niger River: Cities without States
Civilizations of Mesoamerica
The Maya: Writing and Warfare
Teotihuacán: The Americas’ Greatest City
Civilizations of the Andes
Chavín: A Pan-Andean Religious Movement
Moche: A Civilization of the Coast
Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior
Alternatives to Civilization
Bantu Africa: Cultural Encounters and Social Variation
North America: Ancestral Pueblo and Mound Builders
Pacific Oceania: Peoples of the Sea
Conclusions and Reflections: One History...or Many?
Revisiting Chapter 6
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

PART 3 Civilizations and Encounters during the Third-Wave Era, 600–1450
THE BIG PICTURE Patterns and Processes of the Third-Wave Era
Third-Wave Civilizations
The Ties That Bind: Transregional Interaction in the Third-Wave Era

7. COMMERCE AND CULTURE, 600–1450
Silk Roads: Exchange across Eurasia
The Growth of the Silk Roads
Goods in Transit
Cultures in Transit
Diseases in Transit
Sea Roads: Exchange across the Indian Ocean
Weaving the Web of an Indian Ocean World
Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: Southeast Asia
Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: East Africa
Sand Roads: Exchange across the Sahara
Commercial Beginnings in West Africa
Gold, Salt, and Slaves: Trade and Empire in West Africa
An American Network: Commerce and Connection in the Western Hemisphere
Conclusions and Reflections: Globalization — Ancient and Modern
Revisiting Chapter 4
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

8. CHINA AND THE WORLD: EAST ASIAN CONNECTIONS, 600–1300
Together Again: The Reemergence of a Unified China
A Golden Age of Chinese Achievement
Women in the Song Dynasty
China and the Northern Nomads: A Chinese World Order in the Making
The Tribute System in Theory
The Tribute System in Practice
Cultural Influence across an Ecological Frontier
Interacting with China: Comparing Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
Korea and China
Vietnam and China
Japan and China
China and the Eurasian World Economy
Spillovers: China’s Impact on Eurasia
On the Receiving End: China as Economic Beneficiary
China and Buddhism
Making Buddhism Chinese
Losing State Support: The Crisis of Chinese Buddhism
Conclusions and Reflections: Pondering Change in China
Revisiting Chapter 8
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

9. THE WORLDS OF ISLAM: AFRO-EURASIAN CONNECTIONS, 600–1450
The Birth of a New Religion
The Homeland of Islam
The Messenger and the Message
The Transformation of Arabia
The Making of an Arab Muslim Empire
War, Conquest, and Tolerance
Conversion
Divisions and Controversies
Women and Men in Early Islam
Islam and Cultural Encounter: A Four-Way Comparison
The Case of India
The Case of Anatolia
The Case of West Africa
The Case of Spain
The World of Islam as a New Civilization
Networks of Faith
Networks of Exchange
Conclusions and Reflections: The Islamic World and the Uses of History
Revisiting Chapter 9
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

10. THE WORLDS OF CHRISTENDOM: CONTRACTION, EXPANSION, AND DIVISION, 600–1450 
Christian Contraction in Asia and Africa
Asian Christianity
African Christianity
Byzantine Christendom: Building on the Roman Past
The Byzantine State
The Byzantine Church and Christian Divergence
Byzantium and the World
The Conversion of Russia
Western Christendom: Rebuilding in the Wake of Roman Collapse
Political Life in Western Europe
Society and the Church
Accelerating Change in the West
Europe Outward Bound: The Crusading Tradition
The West in Comparative Perspective
Catching Up
Pluralism in Politics
Reason and Faith
Conclusions and Reflections: Remembering and Forgetting
Revisiting Chapter 10
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

11. PASTORAL PEOPLES ON THE GLOBAL STAGE: THE MONGOL MOMENT, 1200–1450
The Long History of Pastoral Peoples
The World of Pastoral Societies
Before the Mongols: Pastoralists in History
Breakout: The Mongol Empire
From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: The Rise of the Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol Moment
Encountering the Mongols in China, Persia, and Russia
China and the Mongols
Persia and the Mongols
Russia and the Mongols
The Mongol Empire as a Eurasian Network
Toward a World Economy
Diplomacy on a Eurasian Scale
Cultural Exchange in the Mongol Realm
The Plague: An Afro-Eurasian Pandemic
Conclusions and Reflections: Historians, Bias, and the Mongols
Revisiting Chapter 11
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

12. THE WORLDS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
Societies and Cultures of the Fifteenth Century
Paleolithic Persistence: Australia and North America
Agricultural Village Societies: The Igbo and the Iroquois
Pastoral Peoples: Central Asia and West Africa
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: Comparing China and Europe
Ming Dynasty China
European Comparisons: State Building and Cultural Renewal
European Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Islamic World
In the Islamic Heartland: The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
On the Frontiers of Islam: The Songhay and Mughal Empires
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Americas
The Aztec Empire
The Inca Empire
Webs of Connection
After 1500: Looking Ahead to the Modern Era
Conclusions and Reflections: Perspectives on Turning Points
Revisiting Chapter 12
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

PART 4 The Early Modern World, 1450–1750
THE BIG PICTURE Toward Modernity . . . or Not?
Sprouts of Modernity?
Continuing Older Patterns?

13. POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS: EMPIRES AND ENCOUNTERS, 1450–1750
European Empires in the Americas
The European Advantage
The Great Dying and the Little Ice Age
The Columbian Exchange
Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas
In the Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas
Colonies of Sugar
Settler Colonies in North America
The Steppes and Siberia: The Making of a Russian Empire
Experiencing the Russian Empire
Russians and Empire
Asian Empires
Making China an Empire
Muslims and Hindus in the Mughal Empire
Muslims and Christians in the Ottoman Empire
Conclusions and Reflections: The Importance of Context
Revisiting Chapter 13
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

14. ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS: COMMERCE AND CONSEQUENCE, 1450–1750
Europeans and Asian Commerce
A Portuguese Empire of Commerce
Spain and the Philippines
The East India Companies
Asians and Asian Commerce
Silver and Global Commerce
“The World Hunt”: Fur in Global Commerce
Commerce in People: The Transatlantic Slave System
The Slave Trade in Context
The Slave Trade in Practice
Consequences: The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa
Conclusions and Reflections: Global Trade and Moral Complexity
Revisiting Chapter 14
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

15. CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS: RELIGION AND SCIENCE, 1450–1750
The Globalization of Christianity
Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation
Christianity Outward Bound
Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America
An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits
Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions
Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World
China: New Directions in an Old Tradition
India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide
A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science
The Question of Origins
Science as Cultural Revolution
Science and Enlightenment
European Science beyond the West
Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century and Beyond
Conclusions and Reflections: Many Ways of Cultural Borrowing
Revisiting Chapter 15
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

PART 5 The European Moment in World History, 1750–1900
THE BIG PICTURE European Centrality and the Problem of Eurocentrism

16. ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS, GLOBAL ECHOES, 1750–1900
Atlantic Revolutions in a Global Context
Comparing Atlantic Revolutions
The North American Revolution, 1775–1787
The French Revolution, 1789–1815
The Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804
Latin American Revolutions, 1808–1825
Echoes of Revolution
The Abolition of Slavery
Nations and Nationalism
Feminist Beginnings
Conclusions and Reflections: Pondering the Outcomes of Revolutions
Revisiting Chapter 16
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

17. REVOLUTIONS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION, 1750–1900
Industrialization: The Global Context
The First Industrial Society
The British Aristocracy
The Middle Classes
The Laboring Classes
Social Protest
Europeans in Motion
Variations on a Theme: Industrialization in the United States and Russia
The United States: Industrialization without Socialism
Russia: Industrialization and Revolution
The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century
After Independence in Latin America
Facing the World Economy
Becoming like Europe?
Conclusions and Reflections: Reflecting on the Industrial Revolution
Revisiting Chapter 17
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

18. COLONIAL ENCOUNTERS IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND OCEANIA, 1750–1950
Industry and Empire
A Second Wave of European Conquests
Under European Rule
Cooperation and Rebellion
Colonial Empires with a Difference
Ways of Working: Comparing Colonial Economies
Economies of Coercion: Forced Labor and the Power of the State
Economies of Cash-Crop Agriculture: The Pull of the Market
Economies of Wage Labor: Migration for Work
Women and the Colonial Economy: Examples from Africa
Assessing Colonial Development
Believing and Belonging: Identity and Cultural Change
Education
Religion
“Race” and “Tribe”
Conclusions and Reflections: Who Makes History?
Revisiting Chapter 18
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

19. EMPIRES IN COLLISION: EUROPE, THE MIDDLE EAST, AND EAST ASIA, 1800–1900
Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis
The Crisis Within
Western Pressures
The Failure of Conservative Modernization
The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century
“The Sick Man of Europe”
Reform and Its Opponents
Outcomes: Comparing China and the Ottoman Empire
The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power
The Tokugawa Background
American Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration
Modernization Japanese-Style
Japan and the World
Conclusions and Reflections: Success and Failure in History
Revisiting Chapter 19
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

PART 6 The Long Twentieth Century, 1900–present
THE BIG PICTURE The Long Twentieth Century: A New Period in World History?

20. WAR AND REVOLUTION, 1900–1950
The First World War: A European Crisis with a Global Impact, 1914–1918
Origins: The Beginnings of the Great War
Outcomes: Legacies of the Great War
The Russian Revolution and Soviet Communism
Capitalism Unraveling: The Great Depression
Democracy Denied: The Authoritarian Alternative
European Fascism
Hitler and the Nazis
Japanese Authoritarianism
A Second World War, 1937–1945
The Road to War in Asia
The Road to War in Europe
Consequences: The Outcomes of a Second Global Conflict
Communist Consolidation and Expansion: The Chinese Revolution
Conclusions and Reflections: Historical Intersections and Their Implications
Revisiting Chapter 20
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

21. A CHANGING GLOBAL LANDSCAPE, 1950–PRESENT
Recovering from the War
Communism Chinese-Style
Building a Modern Society
Eliminating Enemies
East versus West: A Global Divide and a Cold War
Military Conflict and the Cold War
Nuclear Standoff and Third-World Rivalry
The Cold War and the Superpowers
Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence
The End of Empire in World History
Toward Independence in Asia and Africa
After Freedom
The End of the Communist Era
Beyond Mao in China
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
After Communism
Conclusions and Reflections: Twentieth-Century Communism
Revisiting Chapter 21
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

22. GLOBAL PROCESSES: TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMY, AND SOCIETY, 1900–PRESENT
Science and Technology: The Acceleration of Innovation
A Second Scientific Revolution
Fossil Fuel Breakthroughs
Transportation Breakthroughs
Communication and Information Breakthroughs
Military Weapons Breakthroughs
The Global Economy: The Acceleration of Entanglement
Industrial Globalization: Development in the Global South
Economic Globalization: Deepening Connections
Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Pushback: Resistance to Economic Globalization
Producing and Consuming: The Shapes of Modern Societies
Life on the Land: The Decline of the Peasantry
The Changing Lives of Industrial Workers
The Service Sector and the Informal Economy
Global Middle Classes and Life at the Top
Getting Personal: Transformations of Private Life
Modernity and Personal Life
The State and Personal Life
Feminism and Personal Life
Conclusions and Reflections: On Contemporary History
Revisiting Chapter 22
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

23. GLOBAL PROCESSES: DEMOGRAPHY, CULTURE, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 1900–PRESENT
More People: Quadrupling Human Numbers
People in Motion: Patterns of Migration
To the Cities: Global Urbanization
Moving Abroad: Long-Distance Migration
Microbes in Motion: Disease and Recent History
Cultural Identity in an Entangled World
Race, Nation, and Ethnicity
Popular Culture on the Move
Religion and Global Modernity
The Environment in the Anthropocene Era
The Global Environment Transformed
Changing the Climate
Protecting the Planet: The Rise of Environmentalism
Conclusions and Reflections: World History and the Making of Meaning
Revisiting Chapter 23
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View

For Further Study
Glossary