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Sources of World Societies, Volume 1
Third EditionNew Edition Available Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks; Patricia Buckley Ebrey; Roger B. Beck; Jerry Davila; Clare Haru Crowston; John P. McKay
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Enabling topics to be assessed through varying perspectives, Sources of World Societies, Volume 1 helps you look critically at history by providing five sources within each chapter. Both textual and visual, these sources paint a picture of history from the viewpoints of well-known figures and ordinary individuals alike, showing you connections between sources and across time.
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Learn MoreTable of Contents
Chapter 1: The Earliest Human Societies, to 2500 B.C.E.
Viewpoints: Origin Stories
1-1 An Indian View of Creation
From the Rig Veda "The Creation Hymn" (ca. 600 B.C.E.)
1-2 The Yuchi People Explain Their Origins
YUCHI TRIBE OF NORTH AMERICA, In the Beginning (ca. 1929)
1-3 A Greek Description of the Elemental Forces
HESIOD, From Theogony (ca. 700 B.C.E.)
1-4 Clues about Early Human History in a Neolithic Grave
Double Burial from Mantua, Italy (ca. 6000-5000 B.C.E.)
1-5 Artistic Expression in the Paleolithic Era
Cave Painting of a Male and Female Deer (ca. 13,000 B.C.E.)
Chapter 2: The Rise of the State in Southwest Asia and the Nile Valley 3200-500 B.C.E.
2-1 A Mesopotamian Quest for Immortality
From The Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2700-2500 B.C.E.)
2-2 Law and Order in Ancient Babylonia
HAMMURABI, Hammurabi’s Code: Laws on Society and Family Life (ca. 1800 B.C.E.)
2-3 Moses Leads the Hebrews from Egypt
Book of Exodus (ca. 950-450 B.C.E.)
Viewpoints: Imperial Propaganda in the Ancient Near East
2-4 An Assyrian Emperor’s Resume
ASHUR-NASIR-PAL II, Inscription (ca. 875 B.C.E.)
2-5 A Persian Emperor Proclaims his Righteousness
CYRUS OF PERSIA, Righteous Rule (ca. 530 B.C.E.)
Chapter 3: The Foundation of Indian Society to 300 C.E.
3-1 Harrapan Urban Planning
A Residential Street in Mohenjo-daro (ca. 2500-2000 B.C.E.)
Viewpoints: The Path to Enlightenment
3-2 Suffering and Enlightenment
THE BUDDAH, The Buddha Obtains Enlightenment (ca. 530-29 B.C.E.)
3-3 The Search for Enlightenment in the Upanishads
From the Upanishads: On the Nature of the Soul (ca. 450 B.C.E.)
3-4 Social Mores in Ancient India
From The Laws of Manu (ca. 100 B.C.E.-200 C.E.)
3-5 Ashoka Makes His Will Known
ASHOKA, From Thirteenth Rock Edict (256 B.C.E.)
Chapter 4: China’s Classical Age, to 221 B.C.E.
4-1 Art and Culture in Shang China
Detail of Ritual Vase known as the Tigress (ca. 1200 B.C.E.)
4-2 Confucius Offers Advice on Kingship
From Book of Documents (ca. 900-100 B.C.E.)
Viewpoints: Philosophical Responses to Social and Political Disorder
4-3 Confucian Maxims and Sayings
CONFUCIUS, From Analects (ca. 500 B.C.E. – 50 C.E.)
4-4 Laozi Offers Advice on Following the Way
LAOZI, From Dao De Jing: Administering the Empire (ca. 500-400 B.C.E.)
4-5 Han Fei Lays Out the Legalist View of Good Government
HAN FEI, The Five Vermin (ca. 250-25 B.C.E.)
Chapter 5: The Greek Experience, 3500-100 B.C.E.
5-1 Honor, Pride, and Anger in Ancient Greece
HOMER, From the Iliad: Achilles’s Anger and Its Consequences (ca. 750 B.C.E.)
5-2 Socrates Defends Himself Against Criminal Charges
PLATO, From Apologia (ca. 399 B.C.E.)
5-3 A Hellenistic King Embraces Hellenic Virtues
PLUTARCH, From Life of Cleomenes III (First Century C.E.)
Viewpoints: Depicting the Human Form
5-4 A Hellenic Depiction of Physical Perfection
Zeus from Artemisium (ca. 460 B.C.E.)
5-5 A Hellenistic Depiction of Human Suffering
The Dying Gaul (ca. 230-220 B.C.E.)
Chapter 6: The World of Rome ca. 750 B.C.E. – 400 C.E.
6-1 The Romans Set Their Basic Laws in Stone
The Twelve Tables (ca. 450 B.C.E.)
6-2 Plutarch Describes a Man Who Would Be King
PLUTARCH, On Julius Caesar, A Man of Unlimited Ambition (ca. 44 C.E.)
6-3 A Roman Villa Sheds Light on Roman Religion
Initiation into the Cult of Dionysus (ca. 60-50 B.C.E.)
Viewpoints: Christianity and the Roman State
6-4 An Official Asks for Advice on Dealing with Christians
PLINY THE YOUNGER, Letters to and from the Emperor Trajan on Christians (111-113 C.E.)
6-5 A Christian Defends His Religion Against Roman Persecution
TERTULLIAN, From Apologia (ca. 197 C.E.)
Chapter 7: East Asia and the Spread of Buddhism, 221 B.C.E.-800 C.E.
7-1 A Chinese Historian Describes a Nomadic People
SIMA QIAN, From The Records of the Historian: On the Xiongnu (ca. 109-86 B.C.E.)
7-2 What Makes a Good Woman?
BAN ZHAO, From Lessons for Women (ca. 80 C.E.)
7-3 Cultural Fusion in Medieval Japan
Hachiman, Shinto God of War, in the Guise of a Buddhist Monk (ca. 1100-1300 C.E.)
Viewpoints: Buddhism in China
7-4 Reconciling Buddhism with Traditional Chinese Values
HAN YU, From Lives of the Eminent Monks: Zhu Seng Du (ca. 550 C.E.)
7-5 Emperoer Wuzong Cracks Down on Buddhism
EMPEROR WUZONG, Edict on the Suppression of Buddhism (845 C.E.)
Chapter 8: Continuity and Change in Europe and Western Asia, 200-850
8-1 Rules for a Religious Community
SAINT BENEDICT OF NURSIA, From The Rule of Saint Benedict: Work and Pray (529)
8-2 A Germanic People Create a Code of Law
The Law of the Salian Franks (ca. 500-600)
Viewpoints: Justinian's Deeds and His Critics
8-3 The Greed and Immorality of a Byzantine Emperor
PROCOPIUS, From the Secret History (ca. 550-562)
8-4 Constantinople's Crowning Glory
Hagia Sophia (537)
8-5 Einhard Describes Charlemagne, the Man
EINHARD, From The Life of Charlemagne (829-836)
Chapter 9: The Islamic World, 600-1400
Viewpoints: Islam and the People of the Book
9-1 Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Qur'an
MUHAMMAD, Qur'an (ca. 650)
9-2 Muhammad Signs a Treaty with the Jews of Medina
MUHAMMAD, The Constitution of Medina (ca. 625)
9-3 A Spanish Jew Visits Baghdad
BENJAMIN BEN JONAH OF TUDELA, From Book of Travels (ca. 1159-1172)
9-4 Geometry and Islamic Design
Great Mosque, Cordoba, Spain, and Gate of Al Hakam II, Detail (987)
9-5 A Muslim Scholar Explores the History of Islam
IBN KHALDUN, From Prolegomenon to History: On Shi'ite Succession (1377)
Chapter 10: African Societies and Kingdoms, 1000 B.C.E.-1500 C.E.
Viewpoints: Outsiders' Views of Sub-Saharan Africa
10-1 A Muslim Traveler Describes Ghana and Mali
ABU UBAYDALLAH AL-BAKRI, From The Book of Routes and Realms (ca. 1067-1068)
10-2 Fact and Fiction in an Account of Sub-Saharan Africa
ABU HAMID MUHAMMAD AL-ANDALUSI AL-GHARNATI, From Gift of the Spirit (ca. 1120-1170)
10-3 Leo Africanus Describes Timbuktu to a European Audience
LEO AFRICANUS (AL-HASAN IBN MUHAMMAD AL-WAZZAN AL-FASI), From The History and Description of Africa (1526)
10-4 A History of West Africa by West Africans
From Epic of Sundiata (ca. 1250)
Chapter 11: The Americas, 2500 B.C.E.-1500 C.E.
11-1 An Artist Uses Archaeological Evidence to Imagine an Ancient City
Moundville (ca. 1000-1450 C.E.)
11-2 A Spanish Conquistador Describes Inca Government
PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON, From Chronicles: On the Inca (ca. 1535)
11-3 Diego Durán Describes Mexica Customs
DIEGO DURAN, From Book of the Gods and Rites (ca. 1576-1579)
Viewpoints: The Importance of the Ball Game in Maya Society
11-4 The Rules and Objectives of a Maya Ball Game
ANTONIO DE HERRERA Y TORDESILLAS, On the Maya Ball Game Tlachtli (ca. 1598)
11-5 The Gods Challenge Two Maya Heroes to a Game of Tlachtli
FATHER FRANCISCO XIMENEZ, From Popol Vuh (ca. 1701-1703)
Chapter 12: Cultural Exchange in Central and Southern Asia, to 1400
Viewpoints: The Mongols and Their Conquests
12-1 Observations on Mongol Rule in China
Epitaph for the Honorable Menggu (ca. 1272)
12-2 The Role of a Mongol Leader in Battle
RASHID-AL-DIN, Chinggis Khan Fighting the Tartars (ca. 1300)
12-3 A European Merchant Travels the Silk Road
MARCO POLO, From Travels: Description of the World (ca. 1298)
12-4 Hindu Description of the Ideal Wife
VATSYAYANA, From the Kamasutra: About a Wife (ca. 150-1200)
12-5 A Muslim Scholar Offers Guidance to His Fellow Believers
MAULANA BURHAN UD-DIN MARGHINANI, From Guidance: Alms, Marriage, and Testimony (ca. 1197)
Chapter 13: States and Cultures in East Asia, 800-1400
Viewpoints: Elite Values in Feudal Japan
13-1 Marriage and Female Virtue
MURASAKI SHIKIBU, From The Tale of Genji (ca. 1021)
13-2 The Experience of War in Feudal Japan
From The Tale of the Heike (ca. 1250)
13-3 A Chinese Sculptor Envisions Enlightenment
Figure of a Lohan, Yuan Dynasty (1260-1368)
13-4 The Islamic World as Seen from a Chinese Perspective
CHAU JU-KUA, On the Arab People of Quanzhou (ca. 1250)
13-5 Widowhood and Female Virtue in Medieval China
Widows Loyal Unto Death (ca. 1754)
Chapter 14: Europe in the Middle Ages, 850-1450
Viewpoints: The Crusades
14-1 The Pope Calls on Christians to Wage a Holy War
FULCHER OF CHARTRES, From A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem: The Call for Crusade (ca. 1100-1127)
14-2 A Muslim View of the Franks
ZAKARIYA AL-QAZWINI, From Monuments of the Lands: An Islamic View of the West (1275-1276)
14-3 The Virgin Mary in Popular Religion
JACQUES DE VITRY, The Virgin Mary Saves a Monk and His Lover (ca. 1200)
14-4 Royal Power and the Rule of Law
KING JOHN OF ENGLAND, From Magna Carta: The Great Charter of Liberties (1215)
14-5 A Scholastic Places Logic in the Service of Theology
THOMAS AQUINAS, From Summa Theologica: Can It Be Demonstrated That God Exists? (1268)
Chapter 15: Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation, 1350-1600
Viewpoints: The Intellectual Foundations of the Renaissance
15-1 Petrarch Expresses His Admiration for Classical Works
PETRARCH, Letters (ca. 1354, 1360)
15-2 Pico Della Mirandola Argues for the Importance of Philosophical Debate
PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA, From On the Dignity of Man (1486)
15-3 A Female Renaissance Painter Examines Gender and Power
ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI, Susanna and the Elders (1610)
15-4 Luther Calls on the German Nobility to Break with the Catholic Church
MARTIN LUTHER, From Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520)
15-5 John Calvin Explains His Views on Faith and the Clergy
JOHN CALVIN, From Instruction in Faith (1537)
Chapter 16: The Acceleration of Global Contact, 1450–1600
16-1 The World as Europeans Knew it in 1502
World Map (1502)
Viewpoints: The Motives of Columbus and His Patrons
16-2 Columbus Defends His Accomplishments
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, Letter from the Third Voyage (1493)
16-3 Spanish Ambitions in the New World
THEODORE DE BRY, Columbus at Hispaniola (ca. 1590)
16-4 Cross-Cultural Communications and Conquest
BERNAL DIAZ DEL CASTILLO, From The True History of the Conquest of New Spain (1568)
16-5 Scenes from the Spanish Conquest of Mexica
From The Florentine Codex (ca. 1577-1580)