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Sources of World Societies, Volume 1
Third Edition©2018 Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks; Patricia Buckley Ebrey; Roger B. Beck; Jerry Dávila; Clare Haru Crowston; John P. McKay
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Enabling topics to be assessed through varying perspectives, Sources of World Societies, Volume 1 helps you look critically at history by providing five sources within each chapter. Both textual and visual, these sources paint a picture of history from the viewpoints of well-known figures and ordinary individuals alike, showing you connections between sources and across time.
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Learn MoreTable of Contents
Chapter 1: The Earliest Human Societies, to 2500 B.C.E.
Viewpoints: Origin Stories
1-1 An Indian View of Creation
From the Rig Veda "The Creation Hymn" (ca. 600 B.C.E.)
1-2 The Yuchi People Explain Their Origins
YUCHI TRIBE OF NORTH AMERICA, In the Beginning (ca. 1929)
1-3 A Greek Description of the Elemental Forces
HESIOD, From Theogony (ca. 700 B.C.E.)
1-4 Clues about Early Human History in a Neolithic Grave
Double Burial from Mantua, Italy (ca. 6000-5000 B.C.E.)
1-5 Artistic Expression in the Paleolithic Era
Cave Painting of a Male and Female Deer (ca. 13,000 B.C.E.)
Chapter 2: The Rise of the State in Southwest Asia and the Nile Valley 3200-500 B.C.E.
2-1 A Mesopotamian Quest for Immortality
From The Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2700-2500 B.C.E.)
2-2 Law and Order in Ancient Babylonia
HAMMURABI, Hammurabi’s Code: Laws on Society and Family Life (ca. 1800 B.C.E.)
2-3 Moses Leads the Hebrews from Egypt
Book of Exodus (ca. 950-450 B.C.E.)
Viewpoints: Imperial Propaganda in the Ancient Near East
2-4 An Assyrian Emperor’s Resume
ASHUR-NASIR-PAL II, Inscription (ca. 875 B.C.E.)
2-5 A Persian Emperor Proclaims his Righteousness
CYRUS OF PERSIA, Righteous Rule (ca. 530 B.C.E.)
Chapter 3: The Foundation of Indian Society to 300 C.E.
3-1 Harrapan Urban Planning
A Residential Street in Mohenjo-daro (ca. 2500-2000 B.C.E.)
Viewpoints: The Path to Enlightenment
3-2 Suffering and Enlightenment
THE BUDDAH, The Buddha Obtains Enlightenment (ca. 530-29 B.C.E.)
3-3 The Search for Enlightenment in the Upanishads
From the Upanishads: On the Nature of the Soul (ca. 450 B.C.E.)
3-4 Social Mores in Ancient India
From The Laws of Manu (ca. 100 B.C.E.-200 C.E.)
3-5 Ashoka Makes His Will Known
ASHOKA, From Thirteenth Rock Edict (256 B.C.E.)
Chapter 4: China’s Classical Age, to 221 B.C.E.
4-1 Art and Culture in Shang China
Detail of Ritual Vase known as the Tigress (ca. 1200 B.C.E.)
4-2 Confucius Offers Advice on Kingship
From Book of Documents (ca. 900-100 B.C.E.)
Viewpoints: Philosophical Responses to Social and Political Disorder
4-3 Confucian Maxims and Sayings
CONFUCIUS, From Analects (ca. 500 B.C.E. – 50 C.E.)
4-4 Laozi Offers Advice on Following the Way
LAOZI, From Dao De Jing: Administering the Empire (ca. 500-400 B.C.E.)
4-5 Han Fei Lays Out the Legalist View of Good Government
HAN FEI, The Five Vermin (ca. 250-25 B.C.E.)
Chapter 5: The Greek Experience, 3500-100 B.C.E.
5-1 Honor, Pride, and Anger in Ancient Greece
HOMER, From the Iliad: Achilles’s Anger and Its Consequences (ca. 750 B.C.E.)
5-2 Socrates Defends Himself Against Criminal Charges
PLATO, From Apologia (ca. 399 B.C.E.)
5-3 A Hellenistic King Embraces Hellenic Virtues
PLUTARCH, From Life of Cleomenes III (First Century C.E.)
Viewpoints: Depicting the Human Form
5-4 A Hellenic Depiction of Physical Perfection
Zeus from Artemisium (ca. 460 B.C.E.)
5-5 A Hellenistic Depiction of Human Suffering
The Dying Gaul (ca. 230-220 B.C.E.)
Chapter 6: The World of Rome ca. 750 B.C.E. – 400 C.E.
6-1 The Romans Set Their Basic Laws in Stone
The Twelve Tables (ca. 450 B.C.E.)
6-2 Plutarch Describes a Man Who Would Be King
PLUTARCH, On Julius Caesar, A Man of Unlimited Ambition (ca. 44 C.E.)
6-3 A Roman Villa Sheds Light on Roman Religion
Initiation into the Cult of Dionysus (ca. 60-50 B.C.E.)
Viewpoints: Christianity and the Roman State
6-4 An Official Asks for Advice on Dealing with Christians
PLINY THE YOUNGER, Letters to and from the Emperor Trajan on Christians (111-113 C.E.)
6-5 A Christian Defends His Religion Against Roman Persecution
TERTULLIAN, From Apologia (ca. 197 C.E.)
Chapter 7: East Asia and the Spread of Buddhism, 221 B.C.E.-800 C.E.
7-1 A Chinese Historian Describes a Nomadic People
SIMA QIAN, From The Records of the Historian: On the Xiongnu (ca. 109-86 B.C.E.)
7-2 What Makes a Good Woman?
BAN ZHAO, From Lessons for Women (ca. 80 C.E.)
7-3 Cultural Fusion in Medieval Japan
Hachiman, Shinto God of War, in the Guise of a Buddhist Monk (ca. 1100-1300 C.E.)
Viewpoints: Buddhism in China
7-4 Reconciling Buddhism with Traditional Chinese Values
HAN YU, From Lives of the Eminent Monks: Zhu Seng Du (ca. 550 C.E.)
7-5 Emperoer Wuzong Cracks Down on Buddhism
EMPEROR WUZONG, Edict on the Suppression of Buddhism (845 C.E.)
Chapter 8: Continuity and Change in Europe and Western Asia, 200-850
8-1 Rules for a Religious Community
SAINT BENEDICT OF NURSIA, From The Rule of Saint Benedict: Work and Pray (529)
8-2 A Germanic People Create a Code of Law
The Law of the Salian Franks (ca. 500-600)
Viewpoints: Justinian's Deeds and His Critics
8-3 The Greed and Immorality of a Byzantine Emperor
PROCOPIUS, From the Secret History (ca. 550-562)
8-4 Constantinople's Crowning Glory
Hagia Sophia (537)
8-5 Einhard Describes Charlemagne, the Man
EINHARD, From The Life of Charlemagne (829-836)
Chapter 9: The Islamic World, 600-1400
Viewpoints: Islam and the People of the Book
9-1 Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Qur'an
MUHAMMAD, Qur'an (ca. 650)
9-2 Muhammad Signs a Treaty with the Jews of Medina
MUHAMMAD, The Constitution of Medina (ca. 625)
9-3 A Spanish Jew Visits Baghdad
BENJAMIN BEN JONAH OF TUDELA, From Book of Travels (ca. 1159-1172)
9-4 Geometry and Islamic Design
Great Mosque, Cordoba, Spain, and Gate of Al Hakam II, Detail (987)
9-5 A Muslim Scholar Explores the History of Islam
IBN KHALDUN, From Prolegomenon to History: On Shi'ite Succession (1377)
Chapter 10: African Societies and Kingdoms, 1000 B.C.E.-1500 C.E.
Viewpoints: Outsiders' Views of Sub-Saharan Africa
10-1 A Muslim Traveler Describes Ghana and Mali
ABU UBAYDALLAH AL-BAKRI, From The Book of Routes and Realms (ca. 1067-1068)
10-2 Fact and Fiction in an Account of Sub-Saharan Africa
ABU HAMID MUHAMMAD AL-ANDALUSI AL-GHARNATI, From Gift of the Spirit (ca. 1120-1170)
10-3 Leo Africanus Describes Timbuktu to a European Audience
LEO AFRICANUS (AL-HASAN IBN MUHAMMAD AL-WAZZAN AL-FASI), From The History and Description of Africa (1526)
10-4 A History of West Africa by West Africans
From Epic of Sundiata (ca. 1250)
Chapter 11: The Americas, 2500 B.C.E.-1500 C.E.
11-1 An Artist Uses Archaeological Evidence to Imagine an Ancient City
Moundville (ca. 1000-1450 C.E.)
11-2 A Spanish Conquistador Describes Inca Government
PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON, From Chronicles: On the Inca (ca. 1535)
11-3 Diego Durán Describes Mexica Customs
DIEGO DURAN, From Book of the Gods and Rites (ca. 1576-1579)
Viewpoints: The Importance of the Ball Game in Maya Society
11-4 The Rules and Objectives of a Maya Ball Game
ANTONIO DE HERRERA Y TORDESILLAS, On the Maya Ball Game Tlachtli (ca. 1598)
11-5 The Gods Challenge Two Maya Heroes to a Game of Tlachtli
FATHER FRANCISCO XIMENEZ, From Popol Vuh (ca. 1701-1703)
Chapter 12: Cultural Exchange in Central and Southern Asia, to 1400
Viewpoints: The Mongols and Their Conquests
12-1 Observations on Mongol Rule in China
Epitaph for the Honorable Menggu (ca. 1272)
12-2 The Role of a Mongol Leader in Battle
RASHID-AL-DIN, Chinggis Khan Fighting the Tartars (ca. 1300)
12-3 A European Merchant Travels the Silk Road
MARCO POLO, From Travels: Description of the World (ca. 1298)
12-4 Hindu Description of the Ideal Wife
VATSYAYANA, From the Kamasutra: About a Wife (ca. 150-1200)
12-5 A Muslim Scholar Offers Guidance to His Fellow Believers
MAULANA BURHAN UD-DIN MARGHINANI, From Guidance: Alms, Marriage, and Testimony (ca. 1197)
Chapter 13: States and Cultures in East Asia, 800-1400
Viewpoints: Elite Values in Feudal Japan
13-1 Marriage and Female Virtue
MURASAKI SHIKIBU, From The Tale of Genji (ca. 1021)
13-2 The Experience of War in Feudal Japan
From The Tale of the Heike (ca. 1250)
13-3 A Chinese Sculptor Envisions Enlightenment
Figure of a Lohan, Yuan Dynasty (1260-1368)
13-4 The Islamic World as Seen from a Chinese Perspective
CHAU JU-KUA, On the Arab People of Quanzhou (ca. 1250)
13-5 Widowhood and Female Virtue in Medieval China
Widows Loyal Unto Death (ca. 1754)
Chapter 14: Europe in the Middle Ages, 850-1450
Viewpoints: The Crusades
14-1 The Pope Calls on Christians to Wage a Holy War
FULCHER OF CHARTRES, From A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem: The Call for Crusade (ca. 1100-1127)
14-2 A Muslim View of the Franks
ZAKARIYA AL-QAZWINI, From Monuments of the Lands: An Islamic View of the West (1275-1276)
14-3 The Virgin Mary in Popular Religion
JACQUES DE VITRY, The Virgin Mary Saves a Monk and His Lover (ca. 1200)
14-4 Royal Power and the Rule of Law
KING JOHN OF ENGLAND, From Magna Carta: The Great Charter of Liberties (1215)
14-5 A Scholastic Places Logic in the Service of Theology
THOMAS AQUINAS, From Summa Theologica: Can It Be Demonstrated That God Exists? (1268)
Chapter 15: Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation, 1350-1600
Viewpoints: The Intellectual Foundations of the Renaissance
15-1 Petrarch Expresses His Admiration for Classical Works
PETRARCH, Letters (ca. 1354, 1360)
15-2 Pico Della Mirandola Argues for the Importance of Philosophical Debate
PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA, From On the Dignity of Man (1486)
15-3 A Female Renaissance Painter Examines Gender and Power
ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI, Susanna and the Elders (1610)
15-4 Luther Calls on the German Nobility to Break with the Catholic Church
MARTIN LUTHER, From Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520)
15-5 John Calvin Explains His Views on Faith and the Clergy
JOHN CALVIN, From Instruction in Faith (1537)
Chapter 16: The Acceleration of Global Contact, 1450–1600
16-1 The World as Europeans Knew it in 1502
World Map (1502)
Viewpoints: The Motives of Columbus and His Patrons
16-2 Columbus Defends His Accomplishments
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, Letter from the Third Voyage (1493)
16-3 Spanish Ambitions in the New World
THEODORE DE BRY, Columbus at Hispaniola (ca. 1590)
16-4 Cross-Cultural Communications and Conquest
BERNAL DIAZ DEL CASTILLO, From The True History of the Conquest of New Spain (1568)
16-5 Scenes from the Spanish Conquest of Mexica
From The Florentine Codex (ca. 1577-1580)
Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks
Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks (Ph.D., University of Wisconsin–Madison) taught first at Augustana College in Illinois, and from 1985 to 2018 at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, where she is now Distinguished Professor of History emerita. She is the Senior Editor of the Sixteenth Century Journal, one of the editors of the Journal of Global History, and the author or editor of more than thirty books, including A Concise History of the World. From 2017 to 2019 she served as the president of the World History Association.
Patricia Buckley Ebrey
Patricia B. Ebrey (Ph.D., Columbia University), Professor of History at the University of Washington in Seattle, specializes in China. She has published numerous journal articles and The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, as well as numerous monographs. In 2010 she won the Shimada Prize for outstanding work of East Asian Art History for Accumulating Culture: The Collections of Emperor Huizong.
Roger B. Beck
Roger B. Beck (Ph.D., Indiana University) is Distinguished Professor of African and twentieth-century world history at Eastern Illinois University. His publications include The History of South Africa, a translation of P. J. van der Merwe's The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony, 1657-1842, and more than a hundred articles, book chapters, and reviews. He is a former treasurer and Executive Council member of the World History Association.
Jerry Davila
Jerry Dávila (Ph.D., Brown University) is Jorge Paulo Lemann professor of Brazilian History at the University of Illinois. He is the author of Dictatorship in South America; Hotel Trópico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, winner of the Latin Studies Association Brazil Section Book prize; and of Diploma of Whiteness: Race and Social Policy in Brazil, 1917-1945. He has served as president of the Conference on Latin American History.
Clare Haru Crowston
Clare Haru Crowston (Ph.D., Cornell University) teaches at the University of Illinois, where she is currently professor of history and department chair. She is the author of Credit, Fashion, Sex: Economies of Regard in Old Regime France and Fabricating Women: The Seamstresses of Old Regime France, 1675–1791, which won the Berkshire and Hagley Prizes. She edited two special issues of the Journal of Women’s History, has published numerous journal articles and reviews, and is a past president of the Society for French Historical Studies.
John P. McKay
John P. McKay (Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley) is professor emeritus at the University of Illinois. He has written or edited numerous works, including the Herbert Baxter Adams Prize-winning book Pioneers for Profit: Foreign Entrepreneurship and Russian Industrialization, 1885-1913.
