Skip to Main Content
Our Privacy Notice has been updated to explain how we use cookies, which you accept by continuing to use this website. To withdraw your consent, see Your Choices.
  • Instructor Catalog
  • Student Store
  • Canada StoreCanada
Student Store Student Store
    • I'M AN INSTRUCTOR

    • I'M A STUDENT
  • Help
  • search

    Find what you need to succeed.

    search icon
  • Shopping Cart
    0
    • Canada StoreCanada
  • Who We Are

    Who We Are

    back
    • Who We Are
  • Student Benefits

    Student Benefits

    back
    • Special Offers
    • Rent and Save
    • Flexible Formats
    • College Quest Blog
  • Discipline

    Discipline

    back
    • Astronomy Biochemistry Biology Chemistry College Success Communication Economics Electrical Engineering English Environmental Science Geography Geology History Mathematics Music & Theater Nutrition and Health Philosophy & Religion Physics Psychology Sociology Statistics Value
  • Digital Products

    Digital Products

    back
    • Achieve
    • Sapling
    • SaplingPlus
    • LaunchPad
    • LaunchPad Solo
    • E-books
    • FlipIt
    • Student Response System (iclicker/REEF)
    • WebAssign
    • Writer's Help
  • Support

    Support

    back
    • Get Help
    • Rental and Returns
    • Support Community
    • Student Options Explained
Freedom on My Mind, Combined Volume by Deborah Gray White; Mia Bay; Waldo E. Martin Jr. - First Edition, 2013 from Macmillan Student Store
Rental FAQs

GET FREE SHIPPING!

Use Promo Code SHIPFREE at Step 4 of checkout.

*Free Shipping only applicable to US orders. Restrictions apply.

Freedom on My Mind, Combined Volume

First  Edition|©2013  New Edition Available Deborah Gray White; Mia Bay; Waldo E. Martin Jr.

  • About
  • Contents
  • Authors

About

Award-winning scholars and veteran teachers Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay, and Waldo E. Martin Jr. have collaborated to create a fresh, innovative new African American history textbook that weaves together narrative and a wealth of carefully selected primary sources. The narrative focuses on the diversity of black experience, on culture, and on the impact of African Americans on the nation as a whole. Every chapter contains two themed sets of written documents and a visual source essay, guiding students through the process of analyzing sources and offering the convenience and value of a "two-in-one" textbook and reader.

Bedford Digital Collections for African American History

To give you more options for sources, we are offering four projects from the Bedford Digital Collections, bundled free with the purchase of a new text. This online repository of discovery-oriented projects offers both fresh and canonical sources ready to assign. Each curated project poses a historical question and guides students step by step through analysis of primary sources.

Featuring:
Convict Labor and the Building of Modern America
Talitha L. LeFlouria, Florida Atlantic University

War Stories: African American Soldiers and the Long Civil Rights Movement
Maggi M. Morehouse, Coastal Carolina University

Organization and Protest in the Civil Rights-Era South: The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Paul Harvey, University of Colorado

The Challenge of Liberal Reform: School Desegregation, North and South
Joseph Crespino, Emory University

Contents

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 From Africa to America, 1441-1808

African Origins

The History of West Africa

Slavery in West Africa

The Rise of the Transatlantic Slave Trade

Europe in the Age of the Slave Trade

The Enslavement of Indigenous Peoples

The First Africans in the Americas

The Business of Slave Trading

The Long Middle Passage

Capture and Confinement

On the Slave Coast

Inside the Slave Ship

Hardship and Misery On Board

Conclusion: The Slave Trades Diaspora

Chapter Review

Documents: Inside the Slave Trade

King Afonso I (Mvemba Nzinga), Letter to the Portuguese King Joao, 1526+

Peter Blake, An Account of the Mortality of the Slaves Aboard the Ship James, 1675-1676

James Barbot Jr., As to the Management of Our Slaves Aboard, 1732

Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa, 1788

Documents: The African Slave Captives

Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, 1789

Belinda, The Petition of Belinda, 1783

Visual Sources: European Images of Africans in the Era of the Slave Trade

Facsimile of the Catalan Atlas Showing the King of Mali Holding a Gold Nugget, 1375

Sebastian Mnster, German Map of Africa, 1554

Willem Janszoon Blaeu, Dutch Map of Africa, 1644

Page from the Cantigas de Santa Maria, thirteenth century

The Adoration of the Magi, c. 1500

Jean Barbot Meeting with the King of Sestro, 1691

Negros Cannoes, Carrying Slaves, on Board of Ships att Manfroe, seventeenth century

Portraits of West Africans, 1679

African Slaves in the Mines, 1565

Antislavery Cameo, late eighteenth century

Group of Negros, as Imported to Be Sold for Slaves, 1796

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 2 African Slavery in North America, 1619-1739

Slavery and Freedom in Early English North America

Settlers, Servants, and Slaves in the Chesapeake

The Expansion of Slavery in the Chesapeake

The Creation of the Carolinas

Africans in New England

Slavery in the Middle Atlantic Colonies

Slavery and Half-Freedom in New Netherland

Slavery in Englands Middle Colonies

Frontiers and Forced Labor

Slavery in French Louisiana

Black Society in Spanish Florida

Slavery and Servitude in Early Georgia

The Stono Rebellion

Conclusion: Regional Variations of Early American Slavery

Chapter Review

Documents: Making Slaves

The Codification of Slavery and Race in Seventeenth-Century Virginia, 1630-1680

An Act for Regulating of Slaves in New Jersey, 1713-1714

The South Carolina Slave Code, 1740

Documents: British Colonists Debate the Merits of Slavery

Samuel Sewall, The Selling of Joseph: A Memorial, 1700

John Saffin, A Brief and Candid Answer to a Late Printed Sheet, Entituled, The Selling of Joseph, 1701

Georgia Settlers, The Settlers Petition, 1738

Georgia Trustees, Answer of the Trustees, 1739

Visual Sources: African Labor in the Making of the Americas

Nieu Amsterdam, c. 1642-1643

Lucy Parke Byrd, early eighteenth century

Canoe for Pearl Fishing, late sixteenth century

Tent Boat, 1769

Map of the Pernambuco Region in Northeast Brazil, 1662

Slaves Producing Sugar, 1681

Engraving of a Virginia Tobacco Farm, 1725

Trading Card Promoting Virginia Tobacco, eighteenth century

Tobacco Label, c. 1730

Slaves Making Dye from Indigo, 1748

Processing Indigo Dye, 1757 (detail)

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 3 African Americans in the Age of Revolution, 1740-1783

African American Life in Eighteenth-Century North America

Slaves and Free Blacks across the Colonies

Shaping an African American Culture

The Slaves Great Awakening

The African American Revolution

The Road to Independence

Black Patriots

Black Loyalists

Slaves, Soldiers, and the Outcome of the Revolution

American Victory, British Defeat

The Fate of Black Loyalists

Closer to Freedom

Conclusion: The American Revolutions Mixed Results for Blacks

Chapter Review

Documents: The Great Awakening in the South

George Whitefield, A Public Letter to Slaveholders, 1740

James Habersham and William Piercy, Papers on David Margate, 1775

David George, A Fugitive Slaves Early Life and Religious Conversion, 1785

Documents: African American Patriots

Phillis Wheatley, A Poem to the Earl of Dartmouth, 1772

Phillis Wheatley, Letter to the Reverend Samson Occom, 1774

Lemuel Haynes, Liberty Further Extended, 1776

Visual Sources: Freedoms Fight: The Wars Black Patriots

Paul Revere, The Bloody Massacre, 1770

Crispus Attucks, the First Martyr of the American Revolution, 1855

Lithograph of the Boston Massacre, 1856

John Trumbull, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, 1786

John Trumbull, George Washington, 1780

Edward Savage, The Washington Family, 1789-1796

Jean-Baptiste Le Paon, General Lafayette at Yorktown, Attended by James Armistead, c. 1783

John Blennerhassett Martin, James Armistead Lafayette, 1824

John Singleton Copley, The Death of Major Peirson, 1782-1784

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 4 Slavery and Freedom in the New Republic, 1783-1829

The Limits of Democracy

The Status of Slavery in the New Nation

Slaverys Cotton Frontiers

Slavery and Empire

Slavery and Freedom outside the Plantation South

Urban Slavery and Southern Free Blacks

Gabriels Rebellion

Achieving Emancipation in the North

Free Black Life in the New Republic

Free Black Organizations

Free Black Education and Employment

White Hostility

The Colonization Debate

Conclusion: African American Freedom in Black and White

Chapter Review

Documents: Slaverys Children

Isabel Baumfree, A Former Slaves Fight to Free Her Son, 1850

Madison Hemings, The Memoirs of Madison Hemings, 1873

Documents: Free Black Activism

Thomas Cole and Other Free Blacks, A Memorial to the South Carolina Senate, 1791

Absalom Jones and Others, Petition to Congress on the Fugitive Slave Act, 1799

George Lawrence, Oration on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1813

Free People of Color of Richmond, Virginia, Petition to Congress on Colonization, 1817

Visual Sources: The Black Body in Early American Culture

Cover of Benjamin Bannekers Almanac, 1795

Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, 1792

New Jersey Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slaverys Membership Certificate, 1792

Charles Whites Illustrations of the Anatomical Features of Animals and Humans, 1799

Charles Whites Comparisons of Humans and Other Primates, 1799

Oliver Goldsmith, A History of the Earth, and Animated Nature, 1774

The True Picture of Mary-Sabina, c. 1744

James Akin, A Philosophic Cock, c. 1804

Bobalition Broadside, 1825

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 5 Black Life in the Slave South, 1820-1860

The Expansion and Consolidation of Slavery

Slavery, Cotton, and American Industrialization

The Missouri Compromise Crisis

Slavery Expands into Indian Territory

The Domestic Slave Trade

Black Challenges to Slavery

Denmark Veseys Plot

David Walkers Exile

Nat Turners Rebellion, the Amistad, and the Creole Insurrection

Everyday Resistance to Slavery

Disobedience and Defiance

Runaways Who Escaped from Slavery

Survival, Community, and Culture

Slave Religion

Gender, Age, and Work

Marriage and Family

Conclusion: Surviving Slavery

Chapter Review

Documents: Managing the Slaves

Thomas Pinckney [Achates], Reflections, Occasioned by the Late Disturbances in Charleston, 1822

P. C. Weston, Management of a Southern Plantation, 1857

Documents: Slave Testimony

Francis Henderson, A Fugitives Story, 1856

Vilet Lester, Letter to Patsey Patterson, 1857

Mary Reynolds, The Days of Slavery, 1937

Visual Sources: The Art of the Plantation

Detail of a Jar by Dave, 1857

Oak Leaf Panel from a Slave Quilt, 1857-1858

Slave Quilt with Star of Bethlehem Pattern, c. 1837-1850

Harriet Powers, Bible Quilt, 1886

Francis Jukes, Mount Vernon, 1800

Scipio Hunted, As Men Hunt a Deer!, from Uncle Toms Cabin, or Life among the Lowly, 1852

Black Women Slaves from Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, an American Slave, Written by Himself, 1849-1850

Slave Children in Sunday School from Life at the South, or Uncle Toms Cabin As It Is, 1852

Slave Children and Schoolmaster from Life at the South, or Uncle Toms Cabin As It Is, 1852

Slaves Dancing from Aunt Philliss Cabin, or Southern Life As It Is, 1852

Death of Dinah from Frank Freemans Barber Shop, 1852

A Child and Her Nanny, c. 1855

A Slave Family in a Georgia Cotton Field, c. 1860

Notes

Suggested References

CHATER 6 The Northern Black Freedom Struggle and the Coming of the Civil War, 1830-1860

The Boundaries of Freedom

Racial Discrimination in the Era of the Common Man

Black Communities in an Era of Expansion

'Black Self-Help in the Era of Moral Reform

Forging a Black Freedom Struggle

Black Communities Connect

Black Activists and Activism

The Abolitionist Movement

The Slavery Question and National Crisis

Westward Expansion and Slavery in the Territories

The Fugitive Slave Crisis

Confrontations in Kansas and the Courts

Emigration and Insurrection

Conclusion: Whose Country Is It?

Chapter Review

Documents: Elite Black Women Speak Out on Education, Citizenship, and Slavery

Sarah Mapps Douglass, To Make the Slaves Cause Our Own, 1832

Elizabeth Jennings, On the Cultivation of Black Womens Minds, 1837

Lucy Stanton, Slavery and Abolition as War, 1850

Sara G. Stanley, A Call to Action! Black Women Support Black Male Vote in Ohio, 1856

Documents: Former Slaves Speak Out on Slavery

Henry Highland Garnet, An Address to the Slaves of the United States of America, 1843

Frederick Douglass, What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?, 1852

Visual Sources: Minstrel Shows

Dancing for Eels, 1820

Dancing for Eels, 1848

Jim Crow, c. 1835

Zip Coon, c. 1834

Coal Black Rose, c. 1830

The Virginia Serenaders, 1844

Christys Minstrels, c. 1847

Oh, Susanna, As Sung by Christys Celebrated Band of Minstrels, 1850

Topsy in Uncle Toms Cabin, 1852

Ira Aldridge, Shakespearean Actor, 1853

Frank Johnson, Musician, Bandleader and Composer, undated

Bozs Juba, 1848

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 7 Freedom Rising: The Civil War, 1861-1865

The Coming of War and the Seizing of Freedom, 1860-1862

War Aims and Battlefield Realities

Union Policy on Black Soldiers and Black Freedom

Refugee Slaves and Freedpeople

Turning Points, 1862-1863

The Emancipation Proclamation

The U.S. Colored Troops

African Americans in the Major Battles of 1863

Home Fronts and Wars End, 1863-1865

Riots and Restoration of the Union

Civilians at Work for the War

Union Victory, Slave Emancipation, and the Renewed Struggle for Equality

Conclusion: Emancipation and Equality

Chapter Review

Documents: Wartime Opportunities and Dilemmas

Alfred M. Green, Let Us . . . Take Up the Sword, 1861

Isaiah C. Wears, The Evil Injustice of Colonization, 1862

Thomas Morris Chester, Negro Self-Respect and Pride of Race, 1862

Documents: Black Women at Work during the War

Lucy Skipwith, Letters to Her Master, 1861-1865

Susie King Taylor, Reminiscences of My Life in Camp, 1902

Sarah H. Bradford, Harriet Tubman: Ready for Service to the Union Cause, 1886

Visual Sources: The Moment and Meaning of Emancipation

Watch MeetingDec. 31stWaiting for the Hour, 1863

Watch Meeting Postcard, 1863

Reading the Emancipation Proclamation, 1864

Colored Troops under General Wild, Liberating Slaves in North Carolina, 1864

Arrival of a Federal Column at a Planters House in Dixie, 1863

Emancipated Slaves, 1863

Slave Children, As We Found Them and As They Are Now, 1864

Private Hubbard Pryor, before and after Enlisting in the U.S. Colored Troops, 1864

President Lincoln Riding through Richmond, April 4, amid the Enthusiastic Cheers of the Inhabitants, 1865

Forever Free, 1867

Freedmens Memorial, 1876

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 8 Reconstruction: The Making and Unmaking of a Revolution, 1865-1885

A Social Revolution

Freedom and Family

Church and Community

Land and Labor

The Hope of Education

A Short-Lived Political Revolution

The Political Contest over Reconstruction

Black Reconstruction

The Defeat of Reconstruction

Opportunities and Limits outside the South

Autonomy in the West

The Right to Work for Fair Wages

The Struggle for Equal Rights

Conclusion: Revolutions and Reversals

Chapter Review

Documents: Letters to the Freedmens Bureau

Henry Bram, Ishmael Moultrie, and Yates Sampson, A Request for Homesteads, 1865

Joseph R. Johnson, The Need for Homes, 1865

Toney Golden William, Gabriel Andrews, and Toney Axon, The Terms of Work, 1865

James Herney, A Request for Furlough, 1866

Cynthia Nickols, A Request for Custody, 1867

Milly Johnson, Seeking Information about Her Children, 1867

Joe Easley, Persecution of the Freedpeople, 1868

Documents: Race, Sex, and the Vote

Sojourner Truth, Equal Voting Rights, 1867

Proceedings of the American Equal Rights Association, Negro Male Suffrage vs. Woman Suffrage, 1869

Mary Ann Shadd Cary, Womans Right to Vote, early 1870s

Visual Sources: Reconstruction: Failure, Splendid Failure, Unfinished Revolution

The Birth of a Nation, 1915

Democratic Party Broadside, 1866

Campaign Badge Supporting Horatio Seymour and Francis P. Blair Jr. for President and Vice President, 1868

Colored Rule in a Reconstructed(?) State, 1874

The Ignorant Vote, 1876

The Practical Politicians Love for the Negro, 1885

The Darktown Fire Brigade, 1887

A Literary Debate in the Darktown Club, 1885

Crumpled, 1886

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 9 Black Life and Culture, 1880-1915

Racism and Black Challenges

Racial Segregation

Ideologies of White Supremacy

Disfranchisement and Political Activism

Lynching and the Campaign against It

Freedoms First Generation

Black Women and Men in the Era of Jim Crow

Black Communities in the Cities of the New South

New Cultural Expressions

Immigration, Accommodation, and Protest

Immigration Hopes and Disappointments

The Age of Booker T. Washington

The Emergence of W. E. B. Du Bois

Conclusion: Uplift

Chapter Review

Documents: Lynching

The Lynching of Charles Mitchell, 1897

The Lynching of Virgil Jones, Robert Jones, Thomas Jones, and Joseph Riley, 1908

The Lynching of Laura and Lawrence Nelson, 1911

T. Thomas Fortune, Fiendishness in Texas, 1885

Ida B. Wells, The Case Stated, 1895

Booker T. Washington, A Protest against the Burning and Lynching of Negroes, 1904

Mary Church Terrell, Lynching from a Negros Point of View, 1904

Documents: Black Peonage

A Georgia Negro Peon, The New Slavery in the South, 1904

W. E. B. Du Bois, Along the Color Line, 1910

Letter to the Editor, From the South, 1911

Visual Sources: Exhibit of American Negroes at the Paris Worlds Fair

The Paris Exposition, 1900

The Black Village in a Colonial Exhibition, Toulouse, France, 1908

Exhibit of American Negroes, 1900

Occupations of Negroes and Whites in Georgia, 1900

Congressional Medal of Honor Winners, c. 1900

African Americans Sorting Tobacco, 1900

Composing Room of the Richmond Planet, 1900

Morning Prayers at Fisk University, 1900

Dentistry at Howard University, 1900

Model Dining Room at the Agricultural and Mechanical College in Greensboro, North Carolina, 1900

Atlanta University Students, 1899 or 1900

Baseball Players from Morris Brown College, 1899 or 1900

Bazoline Estelle Usher, Atlanta University Student, 1899 or 1900

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 10 The New Negro, 1915-1940

The Great Migration and the Great War

Origins and Patterns of Migration

Black Communities in the Metropolises of the North

African Americans and the Great War

The New Negro Arrives

Institutional Bases for Social Science Research

The Universal Negro Improvement Association

The Harlem Renaissance

The Great Depression and the New Deal

Economic Crisis and the Roosevelt Presidency

African American Politics

Black Culture in Hard Times

Conclusion: Mass Movements and Mass Culture

Chapter Review

Documents: Explorations in Black Identity

Langston Hughes, Poems, 1921-1925

Gwendolyn Bennett, Poems, 1923-1927

Zora Neale Hurston, How It Feels to Be Colored Me, 1928

Documents: Black Socialism and Communism

A. Philip Randolph, Our Reason for Being, 1919

Elmer A. Carter, Communism and the Negro Tenant Farmer, 1931

W. E. B. Du Bois, Negro Editors on Communism: A Symposium of the American Negro Press, 1932

Angelo Herndon, You Cannot Kill the Working Class, 1934

Richard Wright, 12 Million Black Voices, 1941

Visual Sources: Representations of African Americans in Film

Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer, 1927

Stepin Fetchit in The County Chairman, 1935

Bill Bojangles Robinson in Harlem Is Heaven, 1932

Paul Robeson in The Emperor Jones, 1933

Paul Robeson in Sanders of the River, 1935

Nina Mae McKinney in Gang Smashers, 1938

Hattie McDaniel in Gone with the Wind, 1939

Butterfly McQueen in Gone with the Wind, 1939

Fredi Washington and Louise Beavers in Imitation of Life, 1934

Poster for an Early African American Film, 1916

Edna Mae Harris in Lying Lips, 1939

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 11 Fighting for a Double Victory, 1939-1948

The Crisis of World War II

The War Begins

African Americans Respond to the War

Discrimination in the Military

African Americans on the Home Front

New Jobs and Wartime Migration

Organizing for Economic Opportunity

The Struggle for Citizenship Rights

The Right to Vote

New Beginnings in Political and Cultural Life

Desegregating the Army and the GI Bill

Conclusion: A Partial Victory

Chapter Review

Documents: African Americans and the Tuskegee Experiments

Classification of Tuskegee Syphilis Study Participants, 1969

Interview with a Tuskegee Syphilis Study Participant, 1972

President Bill Clinton, The Nations Apology to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Participants, 1997

Alexander Jefferson, Interview with a Tuskegee Airman, 2006

William H. Hastie and George E. Stratemeyer, Resignation Memo and Response, 1943

Documents: Testimony from the Front

Private John S. Lyons, Letter to the Pittsburgh Courier, 1943

Sergeant Ben Kiser Jr., Letter to the Pittsburgh Courier, 1944

Mrs. Charles H. Puryear, Letter to the Crisis, 1945

Private First Class Robert E. Threet, Letter to Truman K. Gibson, 1943

Lieutenant Margaritte Gertrude Ivory-Bertram, Incidents As an Army Nurse, 1941-1945

Private First Class Gladys O. Thomas-Anderson, The 6888th Postal Battalion, 1944-1946

Thelma Thurston Gorham, Negro Army Wives, 1943

Visual Sources: The Struggle for the Hearts and Minds of Black Americans through World War II Propaganda

Transfusion Cartoon

Good Enough to DIE, but Not Good Enough to PITCH!

Hitler Is Here!

Suddenly Popular

If You Cant Go Across . . . Come Across!

Keep Us Flying!

United We Win

Recruiting Women

Why Joe Joined the Army!

Pvt. Joe Louis Says . . .

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 12 The Early Civil Rights Movement, 1947-1963

Anticommunism and the Postwar Black Freedom Struggle

African Americans and Trumans Loyalty Program

Loyalty Programs Force a New Strategy

The Transformation of the Southern Civil Rights Movement

Triumphs and Tragedies in the Early Years, 1951-1956

New Leadership for a New Movement

The Watershed Years of the Southern Movement

Frustrations Mount

Civil Rights: A National Movement

Civil Rights in the North and West

Fighting Back

The March on Washington and the Aftermath

Conclusion: The Evolution of the Black Freedom Struggle

Chapter Review

Documents: The Murder of Emmett Till

Mamie Till Bradley, Telegram to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1955

William Bradford Huie, What Happened to Emmett Tills Killers?, 1957

Charles C. Diggs, Report to the Pittsburgh Courier, 1955

W. Beverly Carter, Letter to E. Frederic Morrow, 1955

E. Frederic Morrow, White House Memo, 1955

J. Edgar Hoover, Letter to Dillon Anderson, 1955

J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Memo on Communist Activity, 1956

Documents: We Are Not Afraid

Anne Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi, 1968

Cleveland Sellers, The River of No Return, 1973

Andrew L. Jordan, Murder in Mississippi

Elizabeth Eckford, The First Day: Little Rock, 1957

Angela Davis, With My Mind on Freedom, 1974

Visual Sources: The Media and the Civil Rights Movement

Emmett Till, 1954

National Guardsmen Escorting Freedom Riders, 1961

Freedom Riders beside Their Burned Bus, 1961

Birmingham Demonstrators Being Sprayed with Fire Hoses, 1963

Birmingham Demonstrator Being Attacked by a Police Dog, 1963

Elizabeth Eckford Walking toward Little Rock Central High School, 1957

Demonstrators Kneeling in Prayer in Albany, Georgia, 1962

James Zwerg in His Hospital Bed, 1961

John R. Salter, Joan Trumpauer, and Anne Moody Sit In at Woolworths in Jackson, Mississippi, 1963

A Woolworths Protest in New York, 1960

Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 13 The Movement Broadens, 1963-1975

The Emergence of Black Power

Expanding the Civil Rights Struggle

Early Black Power Organizations

Malcolm X

The Struggle Transforms

Black Power and Mississippi Politics

Bloody Encounters

Black Power Ascends

Economic Justice and Affirmative Action

Politics and the Fight for Jobs

Urban Dilemmas

Tackling Economic Injustice

War, Radicalism, and Turbulence

The Vietnam War and Black Opposition

Urban Radicalism

Conclusion: Progress, Challenges, and Change

Chapter Review

Documents: The FBI, COINTELPRO, and the Infiltration of the Black Freedom Movement

COINTELPRO Targets Black Organizations, 1967

The FBI Tries to Discredit Stokely Carmichael, 1968

COINTELPRO Praises Its Efforts to Infiltrate TV News, 1968

FBI Directs Field Offices to Target the Black Panther Party, 1968

FBI Uses Fake Letters to Divide the Chicago Black Panthers and the Blackstone Rangers, 1969

Tangible Results,1969

Special Payment Request and Floor Plan of Fred Hamptons Apartment, 1969

State Department Concerns about African Visitors, 1960

Church Committee Report, 1976

Documents: Black Families, Black Women, and the Moynihan Report

Daniel Patrick Moynihan, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action, 1965

William H. Grier and Price M. Cobbs, Black Rage, 1968

Andrew Billingsley, Black Families in White America, 1968

Frances Beale, Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female, 1969

Michele Wallace, Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman, 1973

Visual Sources: The Black Arts Movement

Ernie Barnes, The Sugar Shack, 1972

Faith Ringgold, The Flag Is Bleeding, 1967

Lois Mailou Jones, Ubi Girl from Tai Region, 1972

Elizabeth Catlett, Homage to My Young Black Sisters, 1968

Barkley Hendricks, Octobers GoneGoodnight, 1973

Barkley Hendricks, Icon for My Man Superman (Superman never saved any black peopleBobby Seale), 1969

Raymond Saunders, Jack Johnson, 1972

Raymond Saunders, Red Star, 1970

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 14 The Challenge of Conservatism in an Era of Change, 1968-2000

Opposition to the Black Freedom Movement

Emergence of the New Right

The Southern Strategy and AntiAffirmative Action

The Reagan Era

The Persistence of the Black Freedom Struggle

The Transformation of the Black Panthers

The Emergence of Black Women

The Fight for Education

Black Political Gains

The Expansion of the Black Middle Class

The Different Faces of Black America

The Class Divide

Hip-Hop, Violence, and the Emergence of a New Generation

Gender and Sexuality

All Africas Children

Conclusion: Black Americans on the Eve of the New Millennium

Chapter Review

Documents: Black Americans Debate Affirmative Action

Shelby Steele, A Negative Vote on Affirmative Action, 1990

Randall Kennedy, Persuasion and Distrust: The Affirmative Action Debate, 1986

Documents: The Million Man and Million Woman Marches

Maulana Karenga, Mission Statement for the Million Man March, 1995

James J. Lullen, Actions That Count for More Than Marching, 1995

Ron Daniels, From Patriarchy to Partnership, 1996

Mission Statement for the Million Woman March, 1997

June Jordan, A Gathering Purpose, 1998

C. Delores Tucker, A Day for Women, 1997

Elijah Gosier, Journeys Deserve Praiseto a Point, 1997

Visual Sources: Hip-Hop Culture

A Break-Dancer in New York Citys Washington Square Park, 1984

A Graffiti Artist, 2009

Run-DMC, 1987

Still from the Movie Beat Street, 1984

Queen Latifah, 1993

Salt-N-Pepa, 1994

Damon Dash, 2007

Suge Knight, 1993

Lauryn Hill, 1999

Hip-Hop in Senegal: Positive Black Soul, 2005

Street Dancing in Abbas, Morocco, 2008

Hip-Hop Culture in Beijing, 2006

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 15 African Americans and the New Century, 2000-Present

Diversity and Racial Belonging

New Categories of Difference

Solidarity, Culture, and the Meaning of Blackness

Diversity in Politics and Religion

Trying Times

The Carceral State, or the New Jim Crow

9/11 and the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq

Hurricane Katrina

Change Comes to America

Obamas Forerunners, Campaign, and Victory

The Obama Administration

Obama and Race in America

The 2012 Election

Conclusion: The Promise or Illusion of the New Century

Chapter Review

Documents: The Despair of Hurricane Katrina

Henry Armstrong, When the Levees Broke, 2005

Trymaine Lee, A Reporters Eyewitness Account, 2005

Kevin Johnson, Camp Greyhound Outpost of Law and Order, September 8, 2005

Jim Dwyer and Christopher Drew, Fear Exceeded Crimes Reality in New Orleans, September 29, 2005

Documents: The Trayvon Martin Case

Photographs of Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman, 2012

Protesting the Case, 2012

The Nation, Trayvon Martin: Guilty of Being Black, 2012

Geraldo Rivera, The Hoodie Is As Much Responsible for Trayvon Martins Death As George Zimmerman, 2012

Autopsy Report, 2012

Neighborhood Watch Program Poster, 2012

Floridas Stand Your Ground Law, 2011

Visual Sources: First Lady Michelle Obama

Michelle Obama Speaking at the Democratic National Convention, 2008

The Politics of Fear, 2008

White House Family Portrait, 2009

White House Governors Dinner, 2009

New Yorker Fashion Show Cover, 2009

Lets Move! Campaign, 2011

Notes

Suggested References

  Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Index

Authors

Deborah Gray White

Deborah Gray White (Ph.D., University of Illinois at Chicago) is Board of Governors Distinguished Professor of History at Rutgers University. She is the author of many works including Lost in the USA: American Identity from the Promise Keepers to the Million Mom March; Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894–1994; Ar’n’t I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South; and the edited volume Telling Histories: Black Women Historians in the Ivory Tower. She is a recipient of the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship and the Woodrow Wilson International Center Fellowship. She holds the Carter G. Woodson Medallion and the Frederick Douglass Medal for excellence in African American history. She currently co-directs the “Scarlet and Black Project” which investigates Native Americans and African Americans in the history of Rutgers University. With Professor Marisa Fuentes she is editor of Scarlet and Black: Slavery and Dispossession in Rutgers History, and with Fuentes and Professor Kendra Boyd, Scarlet and Black: Constructing Race and Gender at Rutgers, 1865-1945.


Mia Bay

Mia Bay (Ph.D., Yale University) is the Roy F. and Jeanette P. Nichols Professor of American History at the University of Pennsylvania. Her publications include To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells; The White Image in the Black Mind: African-American Ideas about White People, 1830–1925; and the edited volume Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: The Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. She is a recipient of the Alphonse Fletcher Sr. Fellowship and the National Humanities Center Fellowship. An Organization of American Historians Distinguished Lecturer, Bay is a member of the executive board of the Society of American Historians and serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of African American History and the African American Intellectual History Society’s Black Perspectives Blog. Currently, she is at work on a book examining the social history of segregated transportation and a study of African American views on Thomas Jefferson.


Waldo E. Martin, Jr.

Waldo E. Martin Jr. (Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley) is the Alexander F. and May T. Morrison Professor of American History and Citizenship at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of No Coward Soldiers: Black Cultural Politics in Postwar America; Brown v. Board of Education: A Brief History with Documents; The Mind of Frederick Douglass; and, with Joshua Bloom, the coauthor of Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. With Patricia A. Sullivan, he serves as coeditor of the John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture. Current projects include a forthcoming book on the impact of black cultural politics on the modern black freedom struggle.


An exciting new document-rich introduction to African American history

Award-winning scholars and veteran teachers Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay, and Waldo E. Martin Jr. have collaborated to create a fresh, innovative new African American history textbook that weaves together narrative and a wealth of carefully selected primary sources. The narrative focuses on the diversity of black experience, on culture, and on the impact of African Americans on the nation as a whole. Every chapter contains two themed sets of written documents and a visual source essay, guiding students through the process of analyzing sources and offering the convenience and value of a "two-in-one" textbook and reader.

Bedford Digital Collections for African American History

To give you more options for sources, we are offering four projects from the Bedford Digital Collections, bundled free with the purchase of a new text. This online repository of discovery-oriented projects offers both fresh and canonical sources ready to assign. Each curated project poses a historical question and guides students step by step through analysis of primary sources.

Featuring:
Convict Labor and the Building of Modern America
Talitha L. LeFlouria, Florida Atlantic University

War Stories: African American Soldiers and the Long Civil Rights Movement
Maggi M. Morehouse, Coastal Carolina University

Organization and Protest in the Civil Rights-Era South: The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Paul Harvey, University of Colorado

The Challenge of Liberal Reform: School Desegregation, North and South
Joseph Crespino, Emory University

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 From Africa to America, 1441-1808

African Origins

The History of West Africa

Slavery in West Africa

The Rise of the Transatlantic Slave Trade

Europe in the Age of the Slave Trade

The Enslavement of Indigenous Peoples

The First Africans in the Americas

The Business of Slave Trading

The Long Middle Passage

Capture and Confinement

On the Slave Coast

Inside the Slave Ship

Hardship and Misery On Board

Conclusion: The Slave Trades Diaspora

Chapter Review

Documents: Inside the Slave Trade

King Afonso I (Mvemba Nzinga), Letter to the Portuguese King Joao, 1526+

Peter Blake, An Account of the Mortality of the Slaves Aboard the Ship James, 1675-1676

James Barbot Jr., As to the Management of Our Slaves Aboard, 1732

Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa, 1788

Documents: The African Slave Captives

Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, 1789

Belinda, The Petition of Belinda, 1783

Visual Sources: European Images of Africans in the Era of the Slave Trade

Facsimile of the Catalan Atlas Showing the King of Mali Holding a Gold Nugget, 1375

Sebastian Mnster, German Map of Africa, 1554

Willem Janszoon Blaeu, Dutch Map of Africa, 1644

Page from the Cantigas de Santa Maria, thirteenth century

The Adoration of the Magi, c. 1500

Jean Barbot Meeting with the King of Sestro, 1691

Negros Cannoes, Carrying Slaves, on Board of Ships att Manfroe, seventeenth century

Portraits of West Africans, 1679

African Slaves in the Mines, 1565

Antislavery Cameo, late eighteenth century

Group of Negros, as Imported to Be Sold for Slaves, 1796

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 2 African Slavery in North America, 1619-1739

Slavery and Freedom in Early English North America

Settlers, Servants, and Slaves in the Chesapeake

The Expansion of Slavery in the Chesapeake

The Creation of the Carolinas

Africans in New England

Slavery in the Middle Atlantic Colonies

Slavery and Half-Freedom in New Netherland

Slavery in Englands Middle Colonies

Frontiers and Forced Labor

Slavery in French Louisiana

Black Society in Spanish Florida

Slavery and Servitude in Early Georgia

The Stono Rebellion

Conclusion: Regional Variations of Early American Slavery

Chapter Review

Documents: Making Slaves

The Codification of Slavery and Race in Seventeenth-Century Virginia, 1630-1680

An Act for Regulating of Slaves in New Jersey, 1713-1714

The South Carolina Slave Code, 1740

Documents: British Colonists Debate the Merits of Slavery

Samuel Sewall, The Selling of Joseph: A Memorial, 1700

John Saffin, A Brief and Candid Answer to a Late Printed Sheet, Entituled, The Selling of Joseph, 1701

Georgia Settlers, The Settlers Petition, 1738

Georgia Trustees, Answer of the Trustees, 1739

Visual Sources: African Labor in the Making of the Americas

Nieu Amsterdam, c. 1642-1643

Lucy Parke Byrd, early eighteenth century

Canoe for Pearl Fishing, late sixteenth century

Tent Boat, 1769

Map of the Pernambuco Region in Northeast Brazil, 1662

Slaves Producing Sugar, 1681

Engraving of a Virginia Tobacco Farm, 1725

Trading Card Promoting Virginia Tobacco, eighteenth century

Tobacco Label, c. 1730

Slaves Making Dye from Indigo, 1748

Processing Indigo Dye, 1757 (detail)

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 3 African Americans in the Age of Revolution, 1740-1783

African American Life in Eighteenth-Century North America

Slaves and Free Blacks across the Colonies

Shaping an African American Culture

The Slaves Great Awakening

The African American Revolution

The Road to Independence

Black Patriots

Black Loyalists

Slaves, Soldiers, and the Outcome of the Revolution

American Victory, British Defeat

The Fate of Black Loyalists

Closer to Freedom

Conclusion: The American Revolutions Mixed Results for Blacks

Chapter Review

Documents: The Great Awakening in the South

George Whitefield, A Public Letter to Slaveholders, 1740

James Habersham and William Piercy, Papers on David Margate, 1775

David George, A Fugitive Slaves Early Life and Religious Conversion, 1785

Documents: African American Patriots

Phillis Wheatley, A Poem to the Earl of Dartmouth, 1772

Phillis Wheatley, Letter to the Reverend Samson Occom, 1774

Lemuel Haynes, Liberty Further Extended, 1776

Visual Sources: Freedoms Fight: The Wars Black Patriots

Paul Revere, The Bloody Massacre, 1770

Crispus Attucks, the First Martyr of the American Revolution, 1855

Lithograph of the Boston Massacre, 1856

John Trumbull, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, 1786

John Trumbull, George Washington, 1780

Edward Savage, The Washington Family, 1789-1796

Jean-Baptiste Le Paon, General Lafayette at Yorktown, Attended by James Armistead, c. 1783

John Blennerhassett Martin, James Armistead Lafayette, 1824

John Singleton Copley, The Death of Major Peirson, 1782-1784

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 4 Slavery and Freedom in the New Republic, 1783-1829

The Limits of Democracy

The Status of Slavery in the New Nation

Slaverys Cotton Frontiers

Slavery and Empire

Slavery and Freedom outside the Plantation South

Urban Slavery and Southern Free Blacks

Gabriels Rebellion

Achieving Emancipation in the North

Free Black Life in the New Republic

Free Black Organizations

Free Black Education and Employment

White Hostility

The Colonization Debate

Conclusion: African American Freedom in Black and White

Chapter Review

Documents: Slaverys Children

Isabel Baumfree, A Former Slaves Fight to Free Her Son, 1850

Madison Hemings, The Memoirs of Madison Hemings, 1873

Documents: Free Black Activism

Thomas Cole and Other Free Blacks, A Memorial to the South Carolina Senate, 1791

Absalom Jones and Others, Petition to Congress on the Fugitive Slave Act, 1799

George Lawrence, Oration on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1813

Free People of Color of Richmond, Virginia, Petition to Congress on Colonization, 1817

Visual Sources: The Black Body in Early American Culture

Cover of Benjamin Bannekers Almanac, 1795

Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, 1792

New Jersey Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slaverys Membership Certificate, 1792

Charles Whites Illustrations of the Anatomical Features of Animals and Humans, 1799

Charles Whites Comparisons of Humans and Other Primates, 1799

Oliver Goldsmith, A History of the Earth, and Animated Nature, 1774

The True Picture of Mary-Sabina, c. 1744

James Akin, A Philosophic Cock, c. 1804

Bobalition Broadside, 1825

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 5 Black Life in the Slave South, 1820-1860

The Expansion and Consolidation of Slavery

Slavery, Cotton, and American Industrialization

The Missouri Compromise Crisis

Slavery Expands into Indian Territory

The Domestic Slave Trade

Black Challenges to Slavery

Denmark Veseys Plot

David Walkers Exile

Nat Turners Rebellion, the Amistad, and the Creole Insurrection

Everyday Resistance to Slavery

Disobedience and Defiance

Runaways Who Escaped from Slavery

Survival, Community, and Culture

Slave Religion

Gender, Age, and Work

Marriage and Family

Conclusion: Surviving Slavery

Chapter Review

Documents: Managing the Slaves

Thomas Pinckney [Achates], Reflections, Occasioned by the Late Disturbances in Charleston, 1822

P. C. Weston, Management of a Southern Plantation, 1857

Documents: Slave Testimony

Francis Henderson, A Fugitives Story, 1856

Vilet Lester, Letter to Patsey Patterson, 1857

Mary Reynolds, The Days of Slavery, 1937

Visual Sources: The Art of the Plantation

Detail of a Jar by Dave, 1857

Oak Leaf Panel from a Slave Quilt, 1857-1858

Slave Quilt with Star of Bethlehem Pattern, c. 1837-1850

Harriet Powers, Bible Quilt, 1886

Francis Jukes, Mount Vernon, 1800

Scipio Hunted, As Men Hunt a Deer!, from Uncle Toms Cabin, or Life among the Lowly, 1852

Black Women Slaves from Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, an American Slave, Written by Himself, 1849-1850

Slave Children in Sunday School from Life at the South, or Uncle Toms Cabin As It Is, 1852

Slave Children and Schoolmaster from Life at the South, or Uncle Toms Cabin As It Is, 1852

Slaves Dancing from Aunt Philliss Cabin, or Southern Life As It Is, 1852

Death of Dinah from Frank Freemans Barber Shop, 1852

A Child and Her Nanny, c. 1855

A Slave Family in a Georgia Cotton Field, c. 1860

Notes

Suggested References

CHATER 6 The Northern Black Freedom Struggle and the Coming of the Civil War, 1830-1860

The Boundaries of Freedom

Racial Discrimination in the Era of the Common Man

Black Communities in an Era of Expansion

'Black Self-Help in the Era of Moral Reform

Forging a Black Freedom Struggle

Black Communities Connect

Black Activists and Activism

The Abolitionist Movement

The Slavery Question and National Crisis

Westward Expansion and Slavery in the Territories

The Fugitive Slave Crisis

Confrontations in Kansas and the Courts

Emigration and Insurrection

Conclusion: Whose Country Is It?

Chapter Review

Documents: Elite Black Women Speak Out on Education, Citizenship, and Slavery

Sarah Mapps Douglass, To Make the Slaves Cause Our Own, 1832

Elizabeth Jennings, On the Cultivation of Black Womens Minds, 1837

Lucy Stanton, Slavery and Abolition as War, 1850

Sara G. Stanley, A Call to Action! Black Women Support Black Male Vote in Ohio, 1856

Documents: Former Slaves Speak Out on Slavery

Henry Highland Garnet, An Address to the Slaves of the United States of America, 1843

Frederick Douglass, What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?, 1852

Visual Sources: Minstrel Shows

Dancing for Eels, 1820

Dancing for Eels, 1848

Jim Crow, c. 1835

Zip Coon, c. 1834

Coal Black Rose, c. 1830

The Virginia Serenaders, 1844

Christys Minstrels, c. 1847

Oh, Susanna, As Sung by Christys Celebrated Band of Minstrels, 1850

Topsy in Uncle Toms Cabin, 1852

Ira Aldridge, Shakespearean Actor, 1853

Frank Johnson, Musician, Bandleader and Composer, undated

Bozs Juba, 1848

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 7 Freedom Rising: The Civil War, 1861-1865

The Coming of War and the Seizing of Freedom, 1860-1862

War Aims and Battlefield Realities

Union Policy on Black Soldiers and Black Freedom

Refugee Slaves and Freedpeople

Turning Points, 1862-1863

The Emancipation Proclamation

The U.S. Colored Troops

African Americans in the Major Battles of 1863

Home Fronts and Wars End, 1863-1865

Riots and Restoration of the Union

Civilians at Work for the War

Union Victory, Slave Emancipation, and the Renewed Struggle for Equality

Conclusion: Emancipation and Equality

Chapter Review

Documents: Wartime Opportunities and Dilemmas

Alfred M. Green, Let Us . . . Take Up the Sword, 1861

Isaiah C. Wears, The Evil Injustice of Colonization, 1862

Thomas Morris Chester, Negro Self-Respect and Pride of Race, 1862

Documents: Black Women at Work during the War

Lucy Skipwith, Letters to Her Master, 1861-1865

Susie King Taylor, Reminiscences of My Life in Camp, 1902

Sarah H. Bradford, Harriet Tubman: Ready for Service to the Union Cause, 1886

Visual Sources: The Moment and Meaning of Emancipation

Watch MeetingDec. 31stWaiting for the Hour, 1863

Watch Meeting Postcard, 1863

Reading the Emancipation Proclamation, 1864

Colored Troops under General Wild, Liberating Slaves in North Carolina, 1864

Arrival of a Federal Column at a Planters House in Dixie, 1863

Emancipated Slaves, 1863

Slave Children, As We Found Them and As They Are Now, 1864

Private Hubbard Pryor, before and after Enlisting in the U.S. Colored Troops, 1864

President Lincoln Riding through Richmond, April 4, amid the Enthusiastic Cheers of the Inhabitants, 1865

Forever Free, 1867

Freedmens Memorial, 1876

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 8 Reconstruction: The Making and Unmaking of a Revolution, 1865-1885

A Social Revolution

Freedom and Family

Church and Community

Land and Labor

The Hope of Education

A Short-Lived Political Revolution

The Political Contest over Reconstruction

Black Reconstruction

The Defeat of Reconstruction

Opportunities and Limits outside the South

Autonomy in the West

The Right to Work for Fair Wages

The Struggle for Equal Rights

Conclusion: Revolutions and Reversals

Chapter Review

Documents: Letters to the Freedmens Bureau

Henry Bram, Ishmael Moultrie, and Yates Sampson, A Request for Homesteads, 1865

Joseph R. Johnson, The Need for Homes, 1865

Toney Golden William, Gabriel Andrews, and Toney Axon, The Terms of Work, 1865

James Herney, A Request for Furlough, 1866

Cynthia Nickols, A Request for Custody, 1867

Milly Johnson, Seeking Information about Her Children, 1867

Joe Easley, Persecution of the Freedpeople, 1868

Documents: Race, Sex, and the Vote

Sojourner Truth, Equal Voting Rights, 1867

Proceedings of the American Equal Rights Association, Negro Male Suffrage vs. Woman Suffrage, 1869

Mary Ann Shadd Cary, Womans Right to Vote, early 1870s

Visual Sources: Reconstruction: Failure, Splendid Failure, Unfinished Revolution

The Birth of a Nation, 1915

Democratic Party Broadside, 1866

Campaign Badge Supporting Horatio Seymour and Francis P. Blair Jr. for President and Vice President, 1868

Colored Rule in a Reconstructed(?) State, 1874

The Ignorant Vote, 1876

The Practical Politicians Love for the Negro, 1885

The Darktown Fire Brigade, 1887

A Literary Debate in the Darktown Club, 1885

Crumpled, 1886

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 9 Black Life and Culture, 1880-1915

Racism and Black Challenges

Racial Segregation

Ideologies of White Supremacy

Disfranchisement and Political Activism

Lynching and the Campaign against It

Freedoms First Generation

Black Women and Men in the Era of Jim Crow

Black Communities in the Cities of the New South

New Cultural Expressions

Immigration, Accommodation, and Protest

Immigration Hopes and Disappointments

The Age of Booker T. Washington

The Emergence of W. E. B. Du Bois

Conclusion: Uplift

Chapter Review

Documents: Lynching

The Lynching of Charles Mitchell, 1897

The Lynching of Virgil Jones, Robert Jones, Thomas Jones, and Joseph Riley, 1908

The Lynching of Laura and Lawrence Nelson, 1911

T. Thomas Fortune, Fiendishness in Texas, 1885

Ida B. Wells, The Case Stated, 1895

Booker T. Washington, A Protest against the Burning and Lynching of Negroes, 1904

Mary Church Terrell, Lynching from a Negros Point of View, 1904

Documents: Black Peonage

A Georgia Negro Peon, The New Slavery in the South, 1904

W. E. B. Du Bois, Along the Color Line, 1910

Letter to the Editor, From the South, 1911

Visual Sources: Exhibit of American Negroes at the Paris Worlds Fair

The Paris Exposition, 1900

The Black Village in a Colonial Exhibition, Toulouse, France, 1908

Exhibit of American Negroes, 1900

Occupations of Negroes and Whites in Georgia, 1900

Congressional Medal of Honor Winners, c. 1900

African Americans Sorting Tobacco, 1900

Composing Room of the Richmond Planet, 1900

Morning Prayers at Fisk University, 1900

Dentistry at Howard University, 1900

Model Dining Room at the Agricultural and Mechanical College in Greensboro, North Carolina, 1900

Atlanta University Students, 1899 or 1900

Baseball Players from Morris Brown College, 1899 or 1900

Bazoline Estelle Usher, Atlanta University Student, 1899 or 1900

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 10 The New Negro, 1915-1940

The Great Migration and the Great War

Origins and Patterns of Migration

Black Communities in the Metropolises of the North

African Americans and the Great War

The New Negro Arrives

Institutional Bases for Social Science Research

The Universal Negro Improvement Association

The Harlem Renaissance

The Great Depression and the New Deal

Economic Crisis and the Roosevelt Presidency

African American Politics

Black Culture in Hard Times

Conclusion: Mass Movements and Mass Culture

Chapter Review

Documents: Explorations in Black Identity

Langston Hughes, Poems, 1921-1925

Gwendolyn Bennett, Poems, 1923-1927

Zora Neale Hurston, How It Feels to Be Colored Me, 1928

Documents: Black Socialism and Communism

A. Philip Randolph, Our Reason for Being, 1919

Elmer A. Carter, Communism and the Negro Tenant Farmer, 1931

W. E. B. Du Bois, Negro Editors on Communism: A Symposium of the American Negro Press, 1932

Angelo Herndon, You Cannot Kill the Working Class, 1934

Richard Wright, 12 Million Black Voices, 1941

Visual Sources: Representations of African Americans in Film

Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer, 1927

Stepin Fetchit in The County Chairman, 1935

Bill Bojangles Robinson in Harlem Is Heaven, 1932

Paul Robeson in The Emperor Jones, 1933

Paul Robeson in Sanders of the River, 1935

Nina Mae McKinney in Gang Smashers, 1938

Hattie McDaniel in Gone with the Wind, 1939

Butterfly McQueen in Gone with the Wind, 1939

Fredi Washington and Louise Beavers in Imitation of Life, 1934

Poster for an Early African American Film, 1916

Edna Mae Harris in Lying Lips, 1939

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 11 Fighting for a Double Victory, 1939-1948

The Crisis of World War II

The War Begins

African Americans Respond to the War

Discrimination in the Military

African Americans on the Home Front

New Jobs and Wartime Migration

Organizing for Economic Opportunity

The Struggle for Citizenship Rights

The Right to Vote

New Beginnings in Political and Cultural Life

Desegregating the Army and the GI Bill

Conclusion: A Partial Victory

Chapter Review

Documents: African Americans and the Tuskegee Experiments

Classification of Tuskegee Syphilis Study Participants, 1969

Interview with a Tuskegee Syphilis Study Participant, 1972

President Bill Clinton, The Nations Apology to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Participants, 1997

Alexander Jefferson, Interview with a Tuskegee Airman, 2006

William H. Hastie and George E. Stratemeyer, Resignation Memo and Response, 1943

Documents: Testimony from the Front

Private John S. Lyons, Letter to the Pittsburgh Courier, 1943

Sergeant Ben Kiser Jr., Letter to the Pittsburgh Courier, 1944

Mrs. Charles H. Puryear, Letter to the Crisis, 1945

Private First Class Robert E. Threet, Letter to Truman K. Gibson, 1943

Lieutenant Margaritte Gertrude Ivory-Bertram, Incidents As an Army Nurse, 1941-1945

Private First Class Gladys O. Thomas-Anderson, The 6888th Postal Battalion, 1944-1946

Thelma Thurston Gorham, Negro Army Wives, 1943

Visual Sources: The Struggle for the Hearts and Minds of Black Americans through World War II Propaganda

Transfusion Cartoon

Good Enough to DIE, but Not Good Enough to PITCH!

Hitler Is Here!

Suddenly Popular

If You Cant Go Across . . . Come Across!

Keep Us Flying!

United We Win

Recruiting Women

Why Joe Joined the Army!

Pvt. Joe Louis Says . . .

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 12 The Early Civil Rights Movement, 1947-1963

Anticommunism and the Postwar Black Freedom Struggle

African Americans and Trumans Loyalty Program

Loyalty Programs Force a New Strategy

The Transformation of the Southern Civil Rights Movement

Triumphs and Tragedies in the Early Years, 1951-1956

New Leadership for a New Movement

The Watershed Years of the Southern Movement

Frustrations Mount

Civil Rights: A National Movement

Civil Rights in the North and West

Fighting Back

The March on Washington and the Aftermath

Conclusion: The Evolution of the Black Freedom Struggle

Chapter Review

Documents: The Murder of Emmett Till

Mamie Till Bradley, Telegram to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1955

William Bradford Huie, What Happened to Emmett Tills Killers?, 1957

Charles C. Diggs, Report to the Pittsburgh Courier, 1955

W. Beverly Carter, Letter to E. Frederic Morrow, 1955

E. Frederic Morrow, White House Memo, 1955

J. Edgar Hoover, Letter to Dillon Anderson, 1955

J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Memo on Communist Activity, 1956

Documents: We Are Not Afraid

Anne Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi, 1968

Cleveland Sellers, The River of No Return, 1973

Andrew L. Jordan, Murder in Mississippi

Elizabeth Eckford, The First Day: Little Rock, 1957

Angela Davis, With My Mind on Freedom, 1974

Visual Sources: The Media and the Civil Rights Movement

Emmett Till, 1954

National Guardsmen Escorting Freedom Riders, 1961

Freedom Riders beside Their Burned Bus, 1961

Birmingham Demonstrators Being Sprayed with Fire Hoses, 1963

Birmingham Demonstrator Being Attacked by a Police Dog, 1963

Elizabeth Eckford Walking toward Little Rock Central High School, 1957

Demonstrators Kneeling in Prayer in Albany, Georgia, 1962

James Zwerg in His Hospital Bed, 1961

John R. Salter, Joan Trumpauer, and Anne Moody Sit In at Woolworths in Jackson, Mississippi, 1963

A Woolworths Protest in New York, 1960

Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 13 The Movement Broadens, 1963-1975

The Emergence of Black Power

Expanding the Civil Rights Struggle

Early Black Power Organizations

Malcolm X

The Struggle Transforms

Black Power and Mississippi Politics

Bloody Encounters

Black Power Ascends

Economic Justice and Affirmative Action

Politics and the Fight for Jobs

Urban Dilemmas

Tackling Economic Injustice

War, Radicalism, and Turbulence

The Vietnam War and Black Opposition

Urban Radicalism

Conclusion: Progress, Challenges, and Change

Chapter Review

Documents: The FBI, COINTELPRO, and the Infiltration of the Black Freedom Movement

COINTELPRO Targets Black Organizations, 1967

The FBI Tries to Discredit Stokely Carmichael, 1968

COINTELPRO Praises Its Efforts to Infiltrate TV News, 1968

FBI Directs Field Offices to Target the Black Panther Party, 1968

FBI Uses Fake Letters to Divide the Chicago Black Panthers and the Blackstone Rangers, 1969

Tangible Results,1969

Special Payment Request and Floor Plan of Fred Hamptons Apartment, 1969

State Department Concerns about African Visitors, 1960

Church Committee Report, 1976

Documents: Black Families, Black Women, and the Moynihan Report

Daniel Patrick Moynihan, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action, 1965

William H. Grier and Price M. Cobbs, Black Rage, 1968

Andrew Billingsley, Black Families in White America, 1968

Frances Beale, Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female, 1969

Michele Wallace, Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman, 1973

Visual Sources: The Black Arts Movement

Ernie Barnes, The Sugar Shack, 1972

Faith Ringgold, The Flag Is Bleeding, 1967

Lois Mailou Jones, Ubi Girl from Tai Region, 1972

Elizabeth Catlett, Homage to My Young Black Sisters, 1968

Barkley Hendricks, Octobers GoneGoodnight, 1973

Barkley Hendricks, Icon for My Man Superman (Superman never saved any black peopleBobby Seale), 1969

Raymond Saunders, Jack Johnson, 1972

Raymond Saunders, Red Star, 1970

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 14 The Challenge of Conservatism in an Era of Change, 1968-2000

Opposition to the Black Freedom Movement

Emergence of the New Right

The Southern Strategy and AntiAffirmative Action

The Reagan Era

The Persistence of the Black Freedom Struggle

The Transformation of the Black Panthers

The Emergence of Black Women

The Fight for Education

Black Political Gains

The Expansion of the Black Middle Class

The Different Faces of Black America

The Class Divide

Hip-Hop, Violence, and the Emergence of a New Generation

Gender and Sexuality

All Africas Children

Conclusion: Black Americans on the Eve of the New Millennium

Chapter Review

Documents: Black Americans Debate Affirmative Action

Shelby Steele, A Negative Vote on Affirmative Action, 1990

Randall Kennedy, Persuasion and Distrust: The Affirmative Action Debate, 1986

Documents: The Million Man and Million Woman Marches

Maulana Karenga, Mission Statement for the Million Man March, 1995

James J. Lullen, Actions That Count for More Than Marching, 1995

Ron Daniels, From Patriarchy to Partnership, 1996

Mission Statement for the Million Woman March, 1997

June Jordan, A Gathering Purpose, 1998

C. Delores Tucker, A Day for Women, 1997

Elijah Gosier, Journeys Deserve Praiseto a Point, 1997

Visual Sources: Hip-Hop Culture

A Break-Dancer in New York Citys Washington Square Park, 1984

A Graffiti Artist, 2009

Run-DMC, 1987

Still from the Movie Beat Street, 1984

Queen Latifah, 1993

Salt-N-Pepa, 1994

Damon Dash, 2007

Suge Knight, 1993

Lauryn Hill, 1999

Hip-Hop in Senegal: Positive Black Soul, 2005

Street Dancing in Abbas, Morocco, 2008

Hip-Hop Culture in Beijing, 2006

Notes

Suggested References

CHAPTER 15 African Americans and the New Century, 2000-Present

Diversity and Racial Belonging

New Categories of Difference

Solidarity, Culture, and the Meaning of Blackness

Diversity in Politics and Religion

Trying Times

The Carceral State, or the New Jim Crow

9/11 and the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq

Hurricane Katrina

Change Comes to America

Obamas Forerunners, Campaign, and Victory

The Obama Administration

Obama and Race in America

The 2012 Election

Conclusion: The Promise or Illusion of the New Century

Chapter Review

Documents: The Despair of Hurricane Katrina

Henry Armstrong, When the Levees Broke, 2005

Trymaine Lee, A Reporters Eyewitness Account, 2005

Kevin Johnson, Camp Greyhound Outpost of Law and Order, September 8, 2005

Jim Dwyer and Christopher Drew, Fear Exceeded Crimes Reality in New Orleans, September 29, 2005

Documents: The Trayvon Martin Case

Photographs of Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman, 2012

Protesting the Case, 2012

The Nation, Trayvon Martin: Guilty of Being Black, 2012

Geraldo Rivera, The Hoodie Is As Much Responsible for Trayvon Martins Death As George Zimmerman, 2012

Autopsy Report, 2012

Neighborhood Watch Program Poster, 2012

Floridas Stand Your Ground Law, 2011

Visual Sources: First Lady Michelle Obama

Michelle Obama Speaking at the Democratic National Convention, 2008

The Politics of Fear, 2008

White House Family Portrait, 2009

White House Governors Dinner, 2009

New Yorker Fashion Show Cover, 2009

Lets Move! Campaign, 2011

Notes

Suggested References

  Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Index

Deborah Gray White

Deborah Gray White (Ph.D., University of Illinois at Chicago) is Board of Governors Distinguished Professor of History at Rutgers University. She is the author of many works including Lost in the USA: American Identity from the Promise Keepers to the Million Mom March; Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894–1994; Ar’n’t I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South; and the edited volume Telling Histories: Black Women Historians in the Ivory Tower. She is a recipient of the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship and the Woodrow Wilson International Center Fellowship. She holds the Carter G. Woodson Medallion and the Frederick Douglass Medal for excellence in African American history. She currently co-directs the “Scarlet and Black Project” which investigates Native Americans and African Americans in the history of Rutgers University. With Professor Marisa Fuentes she is editor of Scarlet and Black: Slavery and Dispossession in Rutgers History, and with Fuentes and Professor Kendra Boyd, Scarlet and Black: Constructing Race and Gender at Rutgers, 1865-1945.


Mia Bay

Mia Bay (Ph.D., Yale University) is the Roy F. and Jeanette P. Nichols Professor of American History at the University of Pennsylvania. Her publications include To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells; The White Image in the Black Mind: African-American Ideas about White People, 1830–1925; and the edited volume Ida B. Wells, The Light of Truth: The Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. She is a recipient of the Alphonse Fletcher Sr. Fellowship and the National Humanities Center Fellowship. An Organization of American Historians Distinguished Lecturer, Bay is a member of the executive board of the Society of American Historians and serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of African American History and the African American Intellectual History Society’s Black Perspectives Blog. Currently, she is at work on a book examining the social history of segregated transportation and a study of African American views on Thomas Jefferson.


Waldo E. Martin, Jr.

Waldo E. Martin Jr. (Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley) is the Alexander F. and May T. Morrison Professor of American History and Citizenship at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of No Coward Soldiers: Black Cultural Politics in Postwar America; Brown v. Board of Education: A Brief History with Documents; The Mind of Frederick Douglass; and, with Joshua Bloom, the coauthor of Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. With Patricia A. Sullivan, he serves as coeditor of the John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture. Current projects include a forthcoming book on the impact of black cultural politics on the modern black freedom struggle.


Related Titles

Find Your School

Select Your Discipline

Select Your Course

search icon
No schools matching your search criteria were found !
No active courses are available for this school.
No active courses are available for this discipline.
Can't find your course?

Find Your Course

Confirm Your Course

Enter the course ID provided by your instructor
search icon

Find Your School

Select Your Course

No schools matching your search criteria were found.
(Optional)
Select Your Course
No Courses found for your selection.
  • macmillanlearning.com
  • // Privacy Notice
  • // Ads & Cookies
  • // Terms of Purchase/Rental
  • // Terms of Use
  • // Piracy
  • // Products
  • // Site Map
  • macmillan learning facebook
  • macmillan learning twitter
  • macmillan learning youtube
  • macmillan learning linkedin
  • macmillan learning linkedin
We are processing your request. Please wait...