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Freedom on My Mind, Combined Volume
First Edition©2013 Deborah Gray White; Mia Bay; Waldo E. Martin Jr.
Award-winning scholars and veteran teachers Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay, and Waldo E. Martin Jr. have collaborated to create a fresh, innovative new African American history textbook that weaves together narrative and a wealth of carefully selected primary sources. The narrative focuses on the diversity of black experience, on culture, and on the impact of African Americans on the nation as a whole. Every chapter contains two themed sets of written documents and a visual source essay, guiding students through the process of analyzing sources and offering the convenience and value of a "two-in-one" textbook and reader.
Bedford Digital Collections for African American HistoryTo give you more options for sources, we are offering four projects from the Bedford Digital Collections, bundled free with the purchase of a new text. This online repository of discovery-oriented projects offers both fresh and canonical sources ready to assign. Each curated project poses a historical question and guides students step by step through analysis of primary sources.
Featuring:
Convict Labor and the Building of Modern America
Talitha L. LeFlouria, Florida Atlantic University
Maggi M. Morehouse, Coastal Carolina UniversityOrganization and Protest in the Civil Rights-Era South: The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Paul Harvey, University of ColoradoThe Challenge of Liberal Reform: School Desegregation, North and South
Joseph Crespino, Emory University
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 From Africa to America, 1441-1808 African Origins The History of West Africa Slavery in West Africa The Rise of the Transatlantic Slave Trade Europe in the Age of the Slave Trade The Enslavement of Indigenous Peoples The First Africans in the Americas The Business of Slave Trading The Long Middle Passage Capture and Confinement On the Slave Coast Inside the Slave Ship Hardship and Misery On Board Conclusion: The Slave Trades Diaspora Chapter Review Documents: Inside the Slave Trade King Afonso I (Mvemba Nzinga), Letter to the Portuguese King Joao, 1526+ Peter Blake, An Account of the Mortality of the Slaves Aboard the Ship James, 1675-1676 James Barbot Jr., As to the Management of Our Slaves Aboard, 1732 Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa, 1788 Documents: The African Slave Captives Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, 1789 Belinda, The Petition of Belinda, 1783 Visual Sources: European Images of Africans in the Era of the Slave Trade Facsimile of the Catalan Atlas Showing the King of Mali Holding a Gold Nugget, 1375 Sebastian Mnster, German Map of Africa, 1554 Willem Janszoon Blaeu, Dutch Map of Africa, 1644 Page from the Cantigas de Santa Maria, thirteenth century The Adoration of the Magi, c. 1500 Jean Barbot Meeting with the King of Sestro, 1691 Negros Cannoes, Carrying Slaves, on Board of Ships att Manfroe, seventeenth century Portraits of West Africans, 1679 African Slaves in the Mines, 1565 Antislavery Cameo, late eighteenth century Group of Negros, as Imported to Be Sold for Slaves, 1796 Notes
Suggested References
CHAPTER 2 African Slavery in North America, 1619-1739
Slavery and Freedom in Early English North America Settlers, Servants, and Slaves in the Chesapeake The Expansion of Slavery in the Chesapeake The Creation of the Carolinas Africans in New England Slavery in the Middle Atlantic Colonies Slavery and Half-Freedom in New Netherland Slavery in Englands Middle Colonies Frontiers and Forced Labor Slavery in French Louisiana Black Society in Spanish Florida Slavery and Servitude in Early Georgia The Stono Rebellion Conclusion: Regional Variations of Early American Slavery Chapter Review Documents: Making Slaves The Codification of Slavery and Race in Seventeenth-Century Virginia, 1630-1680 An Act for Regulating of Slaves in New Jersey, 1713-1714 The South Carolina Slave Code, 1740 Documents: British Colonists Debate the Merits of Slavery Samuel Sewall, The Selling of Joseph: A Memorial, 1700 John Saffin, A Brief and Candid Answer to a Late Printed Sheet, Entituled, The Selling of Joseph, 1701 Georgia Settlers, The Settlers Petition, 1738 Georgia Trustees, Answer of the Trustees, 1739 Visual Sources: African Labor in the Making of the Americas Nieu Amsterdam, c. 1642-1643 Lucy Parke Byrd, early eighteenth century Canoe for Pearl Fishing, late sixteenth century Tent Boat, 1769 Map of the Pernambuco Region in Northeast Brazil, 1662 Slaves Producing Sugar, 1681 Engraving of a Virginia Tobacco Farm, 1725 Trading Card Promoting Virginia Tobacco, eighteenth century Tobacco Label, c. 1730 Slaves Making Dye from Indigo, 1748 Processing Indigo Dye, 1757 (detail) NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 3 African Americans in the Age of Revolution, 1740-1783
African American Life in Eighteenth-Century North America Slaves and Free Blacks across the Colonies Shaping an African American Culture The Slaves Great Awakening The African American Revolution The Road to Independence Black Patriots Black Loyalists Slaves, Soldiers, and the Outcome of the Revolution American Victory, British Defeat The Fate of Black Loyalists Closer to Freedom Conclusion: The American Revolutions Mixed Results for Blacks Chapter Review Documents: The Great Awakening in the South George Whitefield, A Public Letter to Slaveholders, 1740 James Habersham and William Piercy, Papers on David Margate, 1775 David George, A Fugitive Slaves Early Life and Religious Conversion, 1785 Documents: African American Patriots Phillis Wheatley, A Poem to the Earl of Dartmouth, 1772 Phillis Wheatley, Letter to the Reverend Samson Occom, 1774 Lemuel Haynes, Liberty Further Extended, 1776 Visual Sources: Freedoms Fight: The Wars Black Patriots Paul Revere, The Bloody Massacre, 1770 Crispus Attucks, the First Martyr of the American Revolution, 1855 Lithograph of the Boston Massacre, 1856 John Trumbull, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, 1786 John Trumbull, George Washington, 1780 Edward Savage, The Washington Family, 1789-1796 Jean-Baptiste Le Paon, General Lafayette at Yorktown, Attended by James Armistead, c. 1783 John Blennerhassett Martin, James Armistead Lafayette, 1824 John Singleton Copley, The Death of Major Peirson, 1782-1784 NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 4 Slavery and Freedom in the New Republic, 1783-1829
The Limits of Democracy The Status of Slavery in the New Nation Slaverys Cotton Frontiers Slavery and Empire Slavery and Freedom outside the Plantation South Urban Slavery and Southern Free Blacks Gabriels Rebellion Achieving Emancipation in the North Free Black Life in the New Republic Free Black Organizations Free Black Education and Employment White Hostility The Colonization Debate Conclusion: African American Freedom in Black and White Chapter Review Documents: Slaverys Children Isabel Baumfree, A Former Slaves Fight to Free Her Son, 1850 Madison Hemings, The Memoirs of Madison Hemings, 1873 Documents: Free Black Activism Thomas Cole and Other Free Blacks, A Memorial to the South Carolina Senate, 1791 Absalom Jones and Others, Petition to Congress on the Fugitive Slave Act, 1799 George Lawrence, Oration on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1813 Free People of Color of Richmond, Virginia, Petition to Congress on Colonization, 1817 Visual Sources: The Black Body in Early American Culture Cover of Benjamin Bannekers Almanac, 1795 Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, 1792 New Jersey Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slaverys Membership Certificate, 1792 Charles Whites Illustrations of the Anatomical Features of Animals and Humans, 1799 Charles Whites Comparisons of Humans and Other Primates, 1799 Oliver Goldsmith, A History of the Earth, and Animated Nature, 1774 The True Picture of Mary-Sabina, c. 1744 James Akin, A Philosophic Cock, c. 1804 Bobalition Broadside, 1825 NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 5 Black Life in the Slave South, 1820-1860
The Expansion and Consolidation of Slavery Slavery, Cotton, and American Industrialization The Missouri Compromise Crisis Slavery Expands into Indian Territory The Domestic Slave Trade Black Challenges to Slavery Denmark Veseys Plot David Walkers Exile Nat Turners Rebellion, the Amistad, and the Creole Insurrection Everyday Resistance to Slavery Disobedience and Defiance Runaways Who Escaped from Slavery Survival, Community, and Culture Slave Religion Gender, Age, and Work Marriage and Family Conclusion: Surviving Slavery Chapter Review Documents: Managing the Slaves Thomas Pinckney [Achates], Reflections, Occasioned by the Late Disturbances in Charleston, 1822 P. C. Weston, Management of a Southern Plantation, 1857 Documents: Slave Testimony Francis Henderson, A Fugitives Story, 1856 Vilet Lester, Letter to Patsey Patterson, 1857 Mary Reynolds, The Days of Slavery, 1937 Visual Sources: The Art of the Plantation Detail of a Jar by Dave, 1857 Oak Leaf Panel from a Slave Quilt, 1857-1858 Slave Quilt with Star of Bethlehem Pattern, c. 1837-1850 Harriet Powers, Bible Quilt, 1886 Francis Jukes, Mount Vernon, 1800 Scipio Hunted, As Men Hunt a Deer!, from Uncle Toms Cabin, or Life among the Lowly, 1852 Black Women Slaves from Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, an American Slave, Written by Himself, 1849-1850 Slave Children in Sunday School from Life at the South, or Uncle Toms Cabin As It Is, 1852 Slave Children and Schoolmaster from Life at the South, or Uncle Toms Cabin As It Is, 1852 Slaves Dancing from Aunt Philliss Cabin, or Southern Life As It Is, 1852 Death of Dinah from Frank Freemans Barber Shop, 1852 A Child and Her Nanny, c. 1855 A Slave Family in a Georgia Cotton Field, c. 1860 NotesSuggested References
CHATER 6 The Northern Black Freedom Struggle and the Coming of the Civil War, 1830-1860
The Boundaries of Freedom Racial Discrimination in the Era of the Common Man Black Communities in an Era of Expansion 'Black Self-Help in the Era of Moral Reform Forging a Black Freedom Struggle Black Communities Connect Black Activists and Activism The Abolitionist Movement The Slavery Question and National Crisis Westward Expansion and Slavery in the Territories The Fugitive Slave Crisis Confrontations in Kansas and the Courts Emigration and Insurrection Conclusion: Whose Country Is It? Chapter Review Documents: Elite Black Women Speak Out on Education, Citizenship, and Slavery Sarah Mapps Douglass, To Make the Slaves Cause Our Own, 1832 Elizabeth Jennings, On the Cultivation of Black Womens Minds, 1837 Lucy Stanton, Slavery and Abolition as War, 1850 Sara G. Stanley, A Call to Action! Black Women Support Black Male Vote in Ohio, 1856 Documents: Former Slaves Speak Out on Slavery Henry Highland Garnet, An Address to the Slaves of the United States of America, 1843 Frederick Douglass, What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?, 1852 Visual Sources: Minstrel Shows Dancing for Eels, 1820 Dancing for Eels, 1848 Jim Crow, c. 1835 Zip Coon, c. 1834 Coal Black Rose, c. 1830 The Virginia Serenaders, 1844 Christys Minstrels, c. 1847 Oh, Susanna, As Sung by Christys Celebrated Band of Minstrels, 1850 Topsy in Uncle Toms Cabin, 1852 Ira Aldridge, Shakespearean Actor, 1853 Frank Johnson, Musician, Bandleader and Composer, undated Bozs Juba, 1848 NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 7 Freedom Rising: The Civil War, 1861-1865
The Coming of War and the Seizing of Freedom, 1860-1862 War Aims and Battlefield Realities Union Policy on Black Soldiers and Black Freedom Refugee Slaves and Freedpeople Turning Points, 1862-1863 The Emancipation Proclamation The U.S. Colored Troops African Americans in the Major Battles of 1863 Home Fronts and Wars End, 1863-1865 Riots and Restoration of the Union Civilians at Work for the War Union Victory, Slave Emancipation, and the Renewed Struggle for Equality Conclusion: Emancipation and Equality Chapter Review Documents: Wartime Opportunities and Dilemmas Alfred M. Green, Let Us . . . Take Up the Sword, 1861 Isaiah C. Wears, The Evil Injustice of Colonization, 1862 Thomas Morris Chester, Negro Self-Respect and Pride of Race, 1862 Documents: Black Women at Work during the War Lucy Skipwith, Letters to Her Master, 1861-1865 Susie King Taylor, Reminiscences of My Life in Camp, 1902 Sarah H. Bradford, Harriet Tubman: Ready for Service to the Union Cause, 1886 Visual Sources: The Moment and Meaning of Emancipation Watch MeetingDec. 31stWaiting for the Hour, 1863 Watch Meeting Postcard, 1863 Reading the Emancipation Proclamation, 1864 Colored Troops under General Wild, Liberating Slaves in North Carolina, 1864 Arrival of a Federal Column at a Planters House in Dixie, 1863 Emancipated Slaves, 1863 Slave Children, As We Found Them and As They Are Now, 1864 Private Hubbard Pryor, before and after Enlisting in the U.S. Colored Troops, 1864 President Lincoln Riding through Richmond, April 4, amid the Enthusiastic Cheers of the Inhabitants, 1865 Forever Free, 1867 Freedmens Memorial, 1876 NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 8 Reconstruction: The Making and Unmaking of a Revolution, 1865-1885
A Social Revolution Freedom and Family Church and Community Land and Labor The Hope of Education A Short-Lived Political Revolution The Political Contest over Reconstruction Black Reconstruction The Defeat of Reconstruction Opportunities and Limits outside the South Autonomy in the West The Right to Work for Fair Wages The Struggle for Equal Rights Conclusion: Revolutions and Reversals Chapter Review Documents: Letters to the Freedmens Bureau Henry Bram, Ishmael Moultrie, and Yates Sampson, A Request for Homesteads, 1865 Joseph R. Johnson, The Need for Homes, 1865 Toney Golden William, Gabriel Andrews, and Toney Axon, The Terms of Work, 1865 James Herney, A Request for Furlough, 1866 Cynthia Nickols, A Request for Custody, 1867 Milly Johnson, Seeking Information about Her Children, 1867 Joe Easley, Persecution of the Freedpeople, 1868 Documents: Race, Sex, and the Vote Sojourner Truth, Equal Voting Rights, 1867 Proceedings of the American Equal Rights Association, Negro Male Suffrage vs. Woman Suffrage, 1869 Mary Ann Shadd Cary, Womans Right to Vote, early 1870s Visual Sources: Reconstruction: Failure, Splendid Failure, Unfinished Revolution The Birth of a Nation, 1915 Democratic Party Broadside, 1866 Campaign Badge Supporting Horatio Seymour and Francis P. Blair Jr. for President and Vice President, 1868 Colored Rule in a Reconstructed(?) State, 1874 The Ignorant Vote, 1876 The Practical Politicians Love for the Negro, 1885 The Darktown Fire Brigade, 1887 A Literary Debate in the Darktown Club, 1885 Crumpled, 1886 NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 9 Black Life and Culture, 1880-1915
Racism and Black Challenges Racial Segregation Ideologies of White Supremacy Disfranchisement and Political Activism Lynching and the Campaign against It Freedoms First Generation Black Women and Men in the Era of Jim Crow Black Communities in the Cities of the New South New Cultural Expressions Immigration, Accommodation, and Protest Immigration Hopes and Disappointments The Age of Booker T. Washington The Emergence of W. E. B. Du Bois Conclusion: Uplift Chapter Review Documents: Lynching The Lynching of Charles Mitchell, 1897 The Lynching of Virgil Jones, Robert Jones, Thomas Jones, and Joseph Riley, 1908 The Lynching of Laura and Lawrence Nelson, 1911 T. Thomas Fortune, Fiendishness in Texas, 1885 Ida B. Wells, The Case Stated, 1895 Booker T. Washington, A Protest against the Burning and Lynching of Negroes, 1904 Mary Church Terrell, Lynching from a Negros Point of View, 1904 Documents: Black Peonage A Georgia Negro Peon, The New Slavery in the South, 1904 W. E. B. Du Bois, Along the Color Line, 1910 Letter to the Editor, From the South, 1911 Visual Sources: Exhibit of American Negroes at the Paris Worlds Fair The Paris Exposition, 1900 The Black Village in a Colonial Exhibition, Toulouse, France, 1908 Exhibit of American Negroes, 1900 Occupations of Negroes and Whites in Georgia, 1900 Congressional Medal of Honor Winners, c. 1900 African Americans Sorting Tobacco, 1900 Composing Room of the Richmond Planet, 1900 Morning Prayers at Fisk University, 1900 Dentistry at Howard University, 1900 Model Dining Room at the Agricultural and Mechanical College in Greensboro, North Carolina, 1900 Atlanta University Students, 1899 or 1900 Baseball Players from Morris Brown College, 1899 or 1900 Bazoline Estelle Usher, Atlanta University Student, 1899 or 1900 NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 10 The New Negro, 1915-1940
The Great Migration and the Great War Origins and Patterns of Migration Black Communities in the Metropolises of the North African Americans and the Great War The New Negro Arrives Institutional Bases for Social Science Research The Universal Negro Improvement Association The Harlem Renaissance The Great Depression and the New Deal Economic Crisis and the Roosevelt Presidency African American Politics Black Culture in Hard Times Conclusion: Mass Movements and Mass Culture Chapter Review Documents: Explorations in Black Identity Langston Hughes, Poems, 1921-1925 Gwendolyn Bennett, Poems, 1923-1927 Zora Neale Hurston, How It Feels to Be Colored Me, 1928 Documents: Black Socialism and Communism A. Philip Randolph, Our Reason for Being, 1919 Elmer A. Carter, Communism and the Negro Tenant Farmer, 1931 W. E. B. Du Bois, Negro Editors on Communism: A Symposium of the American Negro Press, 1932 Angelo Herndon, You Cannot Kill the Working Class, 1934 Richard Wright, 12 Million Black Voices, 1941 Visual Sources: Representations of African Americans in Film Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer, 1927 Stepin Fetchit in The County Chairman, 1935 Bill Bojangles Robinson in Harlem Is Heaven, 1932 Paul Robeson in The Emperor Jones, 1933 Paul Robeson in Sanders of the River, 1935 Nina Mae McKinney in Gang Smashers, 1938 Hattie McDaniel in Gone with the Wind, 1939 Butterfly McQueen in Gone with the Wind, 1939 Fredi Washington and Louise Beavers in Imitation of Life, 1934 Poster for an Early African American Film, 1916 Edna Mae Harris in Lying Lips, 1939 NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 11 Fighting for a Double Victory, 1939-1948
The Crisis of World War II The War Begins African Americans Respond to the War Discrimination in the Military African Americans on the Home Front New Jobs and Wartime Migration Organizing for Economic Opportunity The Struggle for Citizenship Rights The Right to Vote New Beginnings in Political and Cultural Life Desegregating the Army and the GI Bill Conclusion: A Partial Victory Chapter Review Documents: African Americans and the Tuskegee Experiments Classification of Tuskegee Syphilis Study Participants, 1969 Interview with a Tuskegee Syphilis Study Participant, 1972 President Bill Clinton, The Nations Apology to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Participants, 1997 Alexander Jefferson, Interview with a Tuskegee Airman, 2006 William H. Hastie and George E. Stratemeyer, Resignation Memo and Response, 1943 Documents: Testimony from the Front Private John S. Lyons, Letter to the Pittsburgh Courier, 1943 Sergeant Ben Kiser Jr., Letter to the Pittsburgh Courier, 1944 Mrs. Charles H. Puryear, Letter to the Crisis, 1945 Private First Class Robert E. Threet, Letter to Truman K. Gibson, 1943 Lieutenant Margaritte Gertrude Ivory-Bertram, Incidents As an Army Nurse, 1941-1945 Private First Class Gladys O. Thomas-Anderson, The 6888th Postal Battalion, 1944-1946 Thelma Thurston Gorham, Negro Army Wives, 1943 Visual Sources: The Struggle for the Hearts and Minds of Black Americans through World War II Propaganda Transfusion Cartoon Good Enough to DIE, but Not Good Enough to PITCH! Hitler Is Here! Suddenly Popular If You Cant Go Across . . . Come Across! Keep Us Flying! United We Win Recruiting Women Why Joe Joined the Army! Pvt. Joe Louis Says . . . NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 12 The Early Civil Rights Movement, 1947-1963
Anticommunism and the Postwar Black Freedom Struggle African Americans and Trumans Loyalty Program Loyalty Programs Force a New Strategy The Transformation of the Southern Civil Rights Movement Triumphs and Tragedies in the Early Years, 1951-1956 New Leadership for a New Movement The Watershed Years of the Southern Movement Frustrations Mount Civil Rights: A National Movement Civil Rights in the North and West Fighting Back The March on Washington and the Aftermath Conclusion: The Evolution of the Black Freedom Struggle Chapter Review Documents: The Murder of Emmett Till Mamie Till Bradley, Telegram to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1955 William Bradford Huie, What Happened to Emmett Tills Killers?, 1957 Charles C. Diggs, Report to the Pittsburgh Courier, 1955 W. Beverly Carter, Letter to E. Frederic Morrow, 1955 E. Frederic Morrow, White House Memo, 1955 J. Edgar Hoover, Letter to Dillon Anderson, 1955 J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Memo on Communist Activity, 1956 Documents: We Are Not Afraid Anne Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi, 1968 Cleveland Sellers, The River of No Return, 1973 Andrew L. Jordan, Murder in Mississippi Elizabeth Eckford, The First Day: Little Rock, 1957 Angela Davis, With My Mind on Freedom, 1974 Visual Sources: The Media and the Civil Rights Movement Emmett Till, 1954 National Guardsmen Escorting Freedom Riders, 1961 Freedom Riders beside Their Burned Bus, 1961 Birmingham Demonstrators Being Sprayed with Fire Hoses, 1963 Birmingham Demonstrator Being Attacked by a Police Dog, 1963 Elizabeth Eckford Walking toward Little Rock Central High School, 1957 Demonstrators Kneeling in Prayer in Albany, Georgia, 1962 James Zwerg in His Hospital Bed, 1961 John R. Salter, Joan Trumpauer, and Anne Moody Sit In at Woolworths in Jackson, Mississippi, 1963 A Woolworths Protest in New York, 1960 Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963 NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 13 The Movement Broadens, 1963-1975
The Emergence of Black Power Expanding the Civil Rights Struggle Early Black Power Organizations Malcolm X The Struggle Transforms Black Power and Mississippi Politics Bloody Encounters Black Power Ascends Economic Justice and Affirmative Action Politics and the Fight for Jobs Urban Dilemmas Tackling Economic Injustice War, Radicalism, and Turbulence The Vietnam War and Black Opposition Urban Radicalism Conclusion: Progress, Challenges, and Change Chapter Review Documents: The FBI, COINTELPRO, and the Infiltration of the Black Freedom Movement COINTELPRO Targets Black Organizations, 1967 The FBI Tries to Discredit Stokely Carmichael, 1968 COINTELPRO Praises Its Efforts to Infiltrate TV News, 1968 FBI Directs Field Offices to Target the Black Panther Party, 1968 FBI Uses Fake Letters to Divide the Chicago Black Panthers and the Blackstone Rangers, 1969 Tangible Results,1969 Special Payment Request and Floor Plan of Fred Hamptons Apartment, 1969 State Department Concerns about African Visitors, 1960 Church Committee Report, 1976 Documents: Black Families, Black Women, and the Moynihan Report Daniel Patrick Moynihan, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action, 1965 William H. Grier and Price M. Cobbs, Black Rage, 1968 Andrew Billingsley, Black Families in White America, 1968 Frances Beale, Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female, 1969 Michele Wallace, Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman, 1973 Visual Sources: The Black Arts Movement Ernie Barnes, The Sugar Shack, 1972 Faith Ringgold, The Flag Is Bleeding, 1967 Lois Mailou Jones, Ubi Girl from Tai Region, 1972 Elizabeth Catlett, Homage to My Young Black Sisters, 1968 Barkley Hendricks, Octobers GoneGoodnight, 1973 Barkley Hendricks, Icon for My Man Superman (Superman never saved any black peopleBobby Seale), 1969 Raymond Saunders, Jack Johnson, 1972 Raymond Saunders, Red Star, 1970 NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 14 The Challenge of Conservatism in an Era of Change, 1968-2000
Opposition to the Black Freedom Movement Emergence of the New Right The Southern Strategy and AntiAffirmative Action The Reagan Era The Persistence of the Black Freedom Struggle The Transformation of the Black Panthers The Emergence of Black Women The Fight for Education Black Political Gains The Expansion of the Black Middle Class The Different Faces of Black America The Class Divide Hip-Hop, Violence, and the Emergence of a New Generation Gender and Sexuality All Africas Children Conclusion: Black Americans on the Eve of the New Millennium Chapter Review Documents: Black Americans Debate Affirmative Action Shelby Steele, A Negative Vote on Affirmative Action, 1990 Randall Kennedy, Persuasion and Distrust: The Affirmative Action Debate, 1986 Documents: The Million Man and Million Woman Marches Maulana Karenga, Mission Statement for the Million Man March, 1995 James J. Lullen, Actions That Count for More Than Marching, 1995 Ron Daniels, From Patriarchy to Partnership, 1996 Mission Statement for the Million Woman March, 1997 June Jordan, A Gathering Purpose, 1998 C. Delores Tucker, A Day for Women, 1997 Elijah Gosier, Journeys Deserve Praiseto a Point, 1997 Visual Sources: Hip-Hop Culture A Break-Dancer in New York Citys Washington Square Park, 1984 A Graffiti Artist, 2009 Run-DMC, 1987 Still from the Movie Beat Street, 1984 Queen Latifah, 1993 Salt-N-Pepa, 1994 Damon Dash, 2007 Suge Knight, 1993 Lauryn Hill, 1999 Hip-Hop in Senegal: Positive Black Soul, 2005 Street Dancing in Abbas, Morocco, 2008 Hip-Hop Culture in Beijing, 2006 NotesSuggested References
CHAPTER 15 African Americans and the New Century, 2000-Present
Diversity and Racial Belonging New Categories of Difference Solidarity, Culture, and the Meaning of Blackness Diversity in Politics and Religion Trying Times The Carceral State, or the New Jim Crow 9/11 and the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq Hurricane Katrina Change Comes to America Obamas Forerunners, Campaign, and Victory The Obama Administration Obama and Race in America The 2012 Election Conclusion: The Promise or Illusion of the New Century Chapter Review Documents: The Despair of Hurricane Katrina Henry Armstrong, When the Levees Broke, 2005 Trymaine Lee, A Reporters Eyewitness Account, 2005 Kevin Johnson, Camp Greyhound Outpost of Law and Order, September 8, 2005 Jim Dwyer and Christopher Drew, Fear Exceeded Crimes Reality in New Orleans, September 29, 2005 Documents: The Trayvon Martin Case Photographs of Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman, 2012 Protesting the Case, 2012 The Nation, Trayvon Martin: Guilty of Being Black, 2012 Geraldo Rivera, The Hoodie Is As Much Responsible for Trayvon Martins Death As George Zimmerman, 2012 Autopsy Report, 2012 Neighborhood Watch Program Poster, 2012 Floridas Stand Your Ground Law, 2011 Visual Sources: First Lady Michelle Obama Michelle Obama Speaking at the Democratic National Convention, 2008 The Politics of Fear, 2008 White House Family Portrait, 2009 White House Governors Dinner, 2009 New Yorker Fashion Show Cover, 2009 Lets Move! Campaign, 2011 Notes Suggested References Appendix 1 Appendix 2Index
Deborah Gray White
Deborah Gray White (Ph.D., University of Illinois at Chicago) is Board of Governors Professor of History at Rutgers University. She is the author of many works including Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994; Ar'n't I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South; and the edited volume Telling Histories: Black Women Historians in the Ivory Tower. She is a recipient of the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship and the Woodrow Wilson International Center Fellowship. Her current project uses the mass marches and demonstrations of the 1990s to explore the history of the decade.
Mia Bay
Mia Bay (Ph.D., Yale University) is Professor of History at Rutgers University and the Director of the Rutgers Center for Race and Ethnicity. Her publications include To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells and The White Image in the Black Mind: African-American Ideas about White People, 1830-1925. She is a recipient of the Alphonse Fletcher Sr. Fellowship and the National Humanities Center Fellowship. Currently, she is at work on a book examining the social history of segregated transportation and a study of African American views on Thomas Jefferson.
Waldo E. Martin, Jr.
Waldo E. Martin Jr. is professor of history at the University of California, Berkeley. His scholarly and teaching interests include modern American history and culture with an emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; his principal areas of research and writing are African American intellectual and cultural history. He is the author of "A Change is Gonna Come": Black Movement, Culture, and the Transformation of America 1945-1975 (forthcoming) and The Mind of Frederick Douglass (1985); he coedited, with Patricia Sullivan, The Encyclopedia of Civil Rights in the Untied States (forthcoming). Martin has published numerous articles and lectured widely on Frederick Douglass and on modern African American cultural and intellectual history.
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