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College Physics
Second EditionNew Edition Available Roger A. Freedman; Todd Ruskell; Philip R. Kesten; David L. Tauck
©2018
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Freedman College Physics, Second Edition, is a student-centered text and homework program for introductory, algebra-based physics courses. With a focus on conceptual understanding and biological applications, College Physics makes the relevance of physics clear to students. The Sapling Plus system combines the heavily researched FlipIt Physics prelectures (derived from smartPhysics) with a robust homework system, in which every problem has targeted feedback, a hint, and a fully worked and explained solution.
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Learn MoreTable of Contents
1. Introduction to Physics
1-1 Physicists use a special language—part words, part equations—to describe the natural world
1-2 Success in physics requires well-developed problem-solving skills
1-3 Measurements in physics are based on standard units of time, length, and mass
1-4 Correct use of significant figures helps keep track of uncertainties in numerical values
1-5 Dimensional analysis is a powerful way to check the results of a physics calculation
2. Linear Motion
2-1 Studying motion in a straight line is the first step in understanding physics
2-2 Constant velocity means moving at a steady speed in the same direction
2-3 Velocity is the rate of change of position, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
2-4 Constant acceleration means velocity changes at a steady rate
2-5 Solving straight-line motion problems: Constant acceleration
2-6 Objects falling freely near Earth’s surface have constant acceleration
3. Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
3-1 The ideas of linear motion help us understand motion in two or three dimensions
3-2 A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction
3-3 Vectors can be described in terms of components
3-4 For motion in a plane, velocity and acceleration are vector quantities
3-5 A projectile moves in a plane and has a constant acceleration
3-6 You can solve projectile motion problems using techniques learned for straight-line motion
3-7 An object moving in a circle is accelerating even if its speed is constant
3-8 The vestibular system of the ear allows us to sense acceleration
4. Forces and Motion I: Newton’s Laws
4-1 How objects move is determined by the forces that act on them
4-2 If a net external force acts on an object, the object accelerates
4-3 Mass, weight, and inertia are distinct but related concepts
4-4 Making a free-body diagram is essential in solving any problem involving forces
4-5 Newton’s third law relates the forces that two objects exert on each other
4-6 All problems involving forces can be solved using the same series of steps
5. Forces and Motion II: Applications
5-1 We can use Newton’s laws in situations beyond those we have already studied
5-2 The static friction force changes magnitude to offset other applied forces
5-3 The kinetic friction force on a sliding object has a constant magnitude
5-4 Problems involving static and kinetic friction are like any other problem with forces
5-5 An object moving through air or water experiences a drag force
5-6 In uniform circular motion, the net force points toward the center of the circle
6. Work and Energy
6-1 The ideas of work and energy are intimately related
6-2 The work that a constant force does on a moving object depends on the magnitude and direction of the force
6-3 Kinetic energy and the work-energy theorem give us an alternative way to express Newton’s second law
6-4 The work-energy theorem can simplify many physics problems
6-5 The work-energy theorem is also valid for curved paths and varying forces
6-6 Potential energy is energy related to an object’s position
6-7 If only conservative forces do work, total mechanical energy is conserved
6-8 Energy conservation is an important tool for solving a wide variety of problems
6-9 Power is the rate at which energy is transferred
7. Momentum, Collisions, and Center of Mass
7-1 Newton’s third law helps lead us to the idea of momentum
7-2 Momentum is a vector that depends on an object’s mass, speed, and direction of motion
7-3 The total momentum of a system of objects is conserved under certain conditions
7-4 In an inelastic collision, some of the mechanical energy is lost
7-5 In an elastic collision, both momentum and mechanical energy are conserved
7-6 What happens in a collision is related to the time the colliding objects are in contact
7-7 The center of mass of a system moves as though all of the system’s mass were concentrated there
8. Rotational Motion
8-1 Rotation is an important and ubiquitous kind of motion
8-2 An object’s rotational kinetic energy is related to its angular velocity and how its mass is distributed
8-3 An object’s moment of inertia depends on its mass distribution and the choice of rotation axis
8-4 Conservation of mechanical energy also applies to rotating objects
8-5 The equations for rotational kinematics are almost identical to those for linear motion
8-6 Torque is to rotation as force is to translation
8-7 The techniques used for solving problems with Newton’s second law also apply to rotation problems
8-8 Angular momentum is conserved when there is zero net torque on a system
8-9 Rotational quantities such as angular momentum and torque are actually vectors
9. Elastic Properties of Matter: Stress and Strain
9-1 When an object is under stress, it deforms
9-2 An object changes length when under tensile or compressive stress
9-3 Solving stress-strain problems: Tension and compression
9-4 An object expands or shrinks when under volume stress
9-5 Solving stress-strain problems: Volume stress
9-6 A solid object changes shape when under shear stress
9-7 Solving stress-strain problems: Shear stress
9-8 Objects deform permanently or fail when placed under too much stress
9-9 Solving stress-strain problems: From elastic behavior to failure
10. Gravitation
10-1 Gravitation is a force of universal importance
10-2 Newton’s law of universal gravitation explains the orbit of the Moon
10-3 The gravitational potential energy of two objects is negative and increases toward zero as the objects are moved farther apart
10-4 Newton’s law of universal gravitation explains Kepler’s laws for the orbits of planets and satellites
10-5 Apparent weightlessness can have major physiological effects on space travelers
11. Fluids
11-1 Liquids and gases are both examples of fluids
11-2 Density measures the amount of mass per unit volume
11-3 Pressure in a fluid is caused by the impact of molecules
11-4 In a fluid at rest, pressure increases with increasing depth
11-5 Scientists and medical professionals use various units for measuring fluid pressure
11-6 A difference in pressure on opposite sides of an object produces a net force on the object
11-7 A pressure increase at one point in a fluid causes a pressure increase throughout the fluid
11-8 Archimedes’ principle helps us understand buoyancy
11-9 Fluids in motion behave differently depending on the flow speed and the fluid viscosity
11-10 Bernoulli’s equation helps us relate pressure and speed in fluid motion
11-11 Viscosity is important in many types of fluid flow
11-12 Surface tension explains the shape of raindrops and how respiration is possible
12. Oscillations
12-1 We live in a world of oscillations
12-2 Oscillations are caused by the interplay between a restoring force and inertia
12-3 The simplest form of oscillation occurs when the restoring force obeys Hooke’s law
12-4 Mechanical energy is conserved in simple harmonic motion
12-5 The motion of a pendulum is approximately simple harmonic
12-6 A physical pendulum has its mass distributed over its volume
12-7 When damping is present, the amplitude of an oscillating system decreases over time
12-8 Forcing a system to oscillate at the right frequency can cause resonance
13. Waves
13-1 Waves are disturbances that travel from place to place
13-2 Mechanical waves can be transverse, longitudinal, or a combination of these
13-3 Sinusoidal waves are related to simple harmonic motion
13-4 The propagation speed of a wave depends on the properties of the wave medium
13-5 When two waves are present simultaneously, the total disturbance is the sum of the individual waves
13-6 A standing wave is caused by interference between waves traveling in opposite directions
13-7 Wind instruments, the human voice, and the human ear use standing sound waves
13-8 Two sound waves of slightly different frequencies produce beats
13-9 The intensity of a wave equals the power that it delivers per square meter
13-10 The frequency of a sound depends on the motion of the source and the listener
14. Thermodynamics I
14-1 A knowledge of thermodynamics is essential for understanding almost everything around you—including your own body
14-2 Temperature is a measure of the energy within a substance
14-3 In a gas, the relationship between temperature and molecular kinetic energy is a simple one
14-4 Most substances expand when the temperature increases
14-5 Heat is energy that flows due to a temperature difference
14-6 Energy must enter or leave an object in order for it to change phase
14-7 Heat can be transferred by radiation, convection, or conduction
15. Thermodynamics II
15-1 The laws of thermodynamics involve energy and entropy
15-2 The first law of thermodynamics relates heat flow, work done, and internal energy change
15-3 A graph of pressure versus volume helps to describe what happens in a thermodynamic process
15-4 More heat is required to change the temperature of a gas isobarically than isochorically
15-5 The second law of thermodynamics describes why some processes are impossible
15-6 The entropy of a system is a measure of its disorder
16. Electrostatics I: Electric Charge, Forces, and Fields
16-1 Electric forces and electric charges are all around you—and within you
16-2 Matter contains positive and negative electric charge
16-3 Charge can flow freely in a conductor, but not in an insulator
16-4 Coulomb’s law describes the force between charged objects
16-5 The concept of electric field helps us visualize how charges exert forces at a distance
16-6 Gauss’s law gives us more insight into the electric field
16-7 In certain situations Gauss’s law helps us to calculate the electric field and to determine how charge is distributed
17. Electrostatics II: Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential
17-1 Electric energy is important in nature, technology, and biological systems
17-2 Electric potential energy changes when a charge moves in an electric field
17-3 Electric potential equals electric potential energy per charge
17-4 The electric potential has the same value everywhere on an equipotential surface
17-5 A capacitor stores equal amounts of positive and negative charge
17-6 A capacitor is a storehouse of electric potential energy
17-7 Capacitors can be combined in series or in parallel
17-8 Placing a dielectric between the plates of a capacitor increases the capacitance
18. Electric Charges in Motion
18-1 Life on Earth and our technological society are only possible because of charges in motion
18-2 Electric current equals the rate at which charge flows
18-3 The resistance to current flow through an object depends on the object’s resistivity and dimensions
18-4 Resistance is important in both technology and physiology
18-5 Kirchhoff’s rules help us to analyze simple electric circuits
18-6 The rate at which energy is produced or taken in by a circuit element depends on current and voltage
18-7 A circuit containing a resistor and capacitor has a current that varies with time
19. Magnetism
19-1 Magnetic forces are interactions between two magnets
19-2 Magnetism is an interaction between moving charges
19-3 A moving point charge can experience a magnetic force
19-4 A mass spectrometer uses magnetic forces to differentiate atoms of different masses
19-5 Magnetic fields exert forces on current-carrying wires
19-6 A magnetic field can exert a torque on a current loop
19-7 Ampère’s law describes the magnetic field created by current-carrying wires
19-8 Two current-carrying wires exert magnetic forces on each other
20. Electromagnetic Induction
20-1 The world runs on electromagnetic induction
20-2 A changing magnetic flux creates an electric field
20-3 Lenz’s law describes the direction of the induced emf
20-4 Faraday’s law explains how alternating currents are generated
21. Alternating-Current Circuits
21-1 Most circuits use alternating current
21-2 We need to analyze ac circuits differently than dc circuits
21-3 Transformers allow us to change the voltage of an ac power source
21-4 An inductor is a circuit element that opposes changes in current
21-5 In a circuit with an inductor and capacitor, charge and current oscillate
21-6 When an ac voltage source is attached in series to an inductor, resistor, and capacitor, the circuit can display resonance
21-7 Diodes are important parts of many common circuits
22. Electromagnetic Waves
22-1 Light is just one example of an electromagnetic wave
22-2 In an electromagnetic plane wave, electric and magnetic fields both oscillate
22-3 Maxwell’s equations explain why electromagnetic waves are possible
22-4 Electromagnetic waves carry both electric and magnetic energy, and come in packets called photons
23. Wave Properties of Light
23-1 The wave nature of light explains much about how light behaves
23-2 Huygens’ principle explains the reflection and refraction of light
23-3 In some cases light undergoes total internal reflection at the boundary between media
23-4 The dispersion of light explains the colors from a prism or a rainbow
23-5 In a polarized light wave, the electric field vector points in a specific direction
23-6 Light waves reflected from the layers of a thin film can interfere with each other, producing dazzling effects
23-7 Interference can occur when light passes through two narrow, parallel slits
23-8 Diffraction is the spreading of light when it passes through a narrow opening
23-9 The diffraction of light through a circular aperture is important in optics
24. Geometrical Optics
24-1 Mirrors or lenses can be used to form images
24-2 A plane mirror produces an image that is reversed back to front
24-3 A concave mirror can produce an image of a different size than the object
24-4 Simple equations give the position and magnification of the image made by a concave mirror
24-5 A convex mirror always produces an image that is smaller than the object
24-6 The same equations used for concave mirrors also work for convex mirrors
24-7 Convex lenses form images like concave mirrors and vice versa
24-8 The focal length of a lens is determined by its index of refraction and the curvature of its surfaces
24-9 A camera and the human eye use different methods to focus on objects at various distances
25. Relativity
25-1 The concepts of relativity may seem exotic, but they’re part of everyday life
25-2 Newton’s mechanics include some ideas of relativity
25-3 The Michelson-Morley experiment shows that light does not obey Newtonian relativity
25-4 Einstein’s relativity predicts that the time between events depends on the observer
25-5 Einstein’s relativity also predicts that the length of an object depends on the observer
25-6 The relative velocity of two objects is constrained by the speed of light, the ultimate speed limit
25-7 The equations for momentum and kinetic energy must be modified at very high speeds
25-8 Einstein’s general theory of relativity describes the fundamental nature of gravity
26. Quantum Physics and Atomic Structure
26-1 Experiments that probe the nature of light and matter reveal the limits of classical physics
26-2 The photoelectric effect and blackbody radiation show that light is absorbed and emitted in the form of photons
26-3 As a result of its photon character, light changes wavelength when it is scattered
26-4 Matter, like light, has aspects of both waves and particles
26-5 The spectra of light emitted and absorbed by atoms show that atomic energies are quantized
26-6 Models by Bohr and Schrödinger give insight into the intriguing structure of the atom
27. Nuclear Physics
27-1 The quantum concepts that help explain atoms are essential for understanding the nucleus
27-2 The strong force holds nuclei together
27-3 The binding energy of nuclei helps explain why some are more stable than others
27-4 The largest nuclei can release energy by undergoing fission and splitting apart
27-5 The smallest nuclei can release energy if they are forced to fuse together
27-6 Unstable nuclei may emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation
28. Particle Physics
28-1 Studying the ultimate constituents of matter helps reveal the nature of the physical universe
28-2 Most forms of matter can be explained by just a handful of fundamental particles
28-3 Four fundamental forces describe all interactions between material objects
28-4 We live in an expanding universe, and the nature of most of its contents is a mystery
Appendix A SI Units and Conversion Factors
Appendix B Numerical Data
Appendix C Periodic Table of Elements
Math Tutorial MT1
Answers Ans1
Index I1