Ways of the World with Sources, Volume 1

The Combined Volume includes all chapters.
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-12.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 12-23.

NOTE: Achieve for Ways of the World 5e includes additional activities and assessments for the book content. Along with the interactive e-books for the main text and the companion source reader, Achieve provides quizzes for the source features in the book and the documents in the companion reader, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, study and writing skills tutorials, and a variety of autograded exercises that help students develop their historical thinking skills. Many of these resources are set up for quick use in the pre-built courses in Achieve, which can be customized easily, and Achieve also allows instructors to create quiz questions and upload their own documents.

 

Preface
Versions and Supplements
Working with Primary Sources
Prologue: From Cosmic History to Human History

 

PART 1 First Things First: Beginnings in History, to 600 b.c.e.

THE BIG PICTURE Turning Points in Early World History

The Emergence of Humankind

The Globalization of Humankind

The Revolution of Farming and Herding

The Turning Point of Civilization

Time and World History

LANDMARKS IN WORLD HISTORY (to ca. 600 b.c.e.)

 

1. FIRST PEOPLES; FIRST FARMERS: MOST OF HISTORY IN A SINGLE CHAPTER, to 3500 B.C.E.

Out of Africa: First Migrations

Into Eurasia

Into Australia

Into the Americas

Into the Pacific

Paleolithic Lifeways

The First Human Societies

Economy and the Environment

The Realm of the Spirit

Settling Down: The Great Transition

Breakthroughs to Agriculture

Common Patterns

Variations

The Globalization of Agriculture

Triumph and Resistance

The Culture of Agriculture

Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture

Pastoral Societies

Agricultural Village Societies

Chiefdoms

Conclusions and Reflections: History before Civilization

Revisiting Chapter 1

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 1

CONTROVERSIES: Debating the Timescales of History

ZOOMING IN: Göbekli Tepe: Monumental Construction before Agriculture

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: The Australian Dreamtime

Source 1.1 Understanding Creation: Yhi Brings Life to the World, Oral tradition recorded in 20th century

Source 1.2 The Rainbow Serpent: The Rainbow Serpent Awakens, Oral tradition recorded in 20th century

Source 1.3 Explaining the World in Aboriginal Rock Art: Namondjok and the Lightning Man

Source 1.4 Understanding the Significance of Animals: The Platypus, Oral tradition recorded in 20th century

Source 1.5 Hunting in Aboriginal Rock Art: Aboriginal Hunters

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Australian Aboriginal Culture

Voice 1.1 Dale Kerwin on the Economic and Social Life of Aboriginal Australians, from Aboriginal Dreaming Paths and Trading Routes, 2012

Voice 1.2 Barbara West on Aboriginal Dreamtime Cosmology, from A Brief History of Australia, 2010

 

2. FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: CITIES, STATES, AND UNEQUAL SOCIETIES, 3500 B.C.E.–600 B.C.E.

Something New: The Emergence of Civilizations

Introducing the First Civilizations

The Question of Origins

An Urban Revolution

The Erosion of Equality

Hierarchies of Class

Hierarchies of Gender

Patriarchy in Practice

The Rise of the State

Coercion and Consent

Writing and Accounting

The Grandeur of Kings

Comparing Mesopotamia and Egypt

Environment and Culture

Cities and States

Interaction and Exchange

Conclusions and Reflections: Pondering "Civilization"

Revisiting Chapter 2

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 2

ZOOMING IN: Caral, a City of Norte Chico

THEN AND NOW: Patriarchy

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Indus Valley Civilization

Source 2.1 Cityscape of Mohenjo Daro: Wall Painting of Mohenjo Daro Reconstruction, 20th century

Source 2.2 A Seal from the Indus Valley: A Humped Cattle Seal from Mohenjo Daro, 19th century b.c.e.

Source 2.3 Man from Mohenjo Daro: Statue of an Elite Man, 3rd millennium b.c.e.

Source 2.4 Cart and Oxen from Monhenjo Daro: Stone Model of a Cart Pulled by Two Oxen, ca. 2400 b.c.e.

Source 2.5 Dancing Girl: An Indus Valley Girl, ca. 2500 b.c.e.

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The State . . . or Its Absence . . . in the Indus Valley

Voice 2.1 Gregory Possehl on Indus Valley Civilization in Context, from The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, 2002

Voice 2.2 Jonathan Kenoyer on Political Life in the Indus Valley, from Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, 1998

 

PART 2 Continuity and Change in the Second-Wave Era, 600 b.c.e.–600 c.e.

THE BIG PICTURE The Globalization of Civilization

LANDMARKS IN WORLD HISTORY (600 b.c.e.–600 c.e.)

 

3. STATE AND EMPIRE IN EURASIA / NORTH AFRICA, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.

Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks

The Persian Empire

The Greeks

Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars

Collision: Alexander and the Hellenistic Era

Comparing Empires: Roman and Chinese

Rome: From City-State to Empire

China: From Warring States to Empire

Consolidating the Roman and Chinese Empires

The Collapse of Empires

Intermittent Empire: The Case of India

Conclusions and Reflections: Enduring Legacies of Second-Wave Empires

Revisiting Chapter 3

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 3

ZOOMING IN: Trung Trac: Resisting the Chinese Empire

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Perceptions of Outsiders in the Ancient World

Source 3.1 A Greek Historian on Persia: Herodotus, The Histories, mid-5th century b.c.e.

Source 3.2 A Greek Goldsmith Depicts the Scythians: Scythian Cup, Crimea, 4th century b.c.e.

Source 3.3 A Roman Historian on the Germans: Tacitus, Germania, 1st century c.e.

Source 3.4 A Roman Depiction of Sarmatians: Scene from Trajan’s Column, Rome, 107–113 c.e.

Source 3.5 A Chinese Historian on the Xiongnu: Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, ca. 100 b.c.e.

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Early Sources on Foreign Cultures

Voice 3.1 Stephen Gosch and Peter Stearns on Travelers’ Accounts as Historical Sources, from Premodern Travel in World History, 2008

Voice 3.2 Jerry Bentley on the Idea of "Barbarian," from Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times, 1993

 

4. CULTURE AND RELIGION IN EURASIA / NORTH AFRICA, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.

China and the Search for Order

The Legalist Answer

The Confucian Answer

The Daoist Answer

Cultural Traditions of Classical India

South Asian Religion: From Ritual Sacrifice to Philosophical Speculation

The Buddhist Challenge

Hinduism as a Religion of Duty and Devotion

Toward Monotheism: The Search for God in the Middle East

Zoroastrianism

Judaism

The Cultural Tradition of Classical Greece: The Search for a Rational Order

The Greek Way of Knowing

The Greek Legacy

The Birth of Christianity . . . with Buddhist Comparisons

The Lives of the Founders

The Spread of New Religions

Institutions, Controversies, and Divisions

Conclusions and Reflections: Religion and Historians

Revisiting Chapter 4

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 4

ZOOMING IN: Perpetua, Christian Martyr

CONTROVERSIES: Debating Religion and the Axial Age

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Representations of the Buddha

Source 4.1 A Greco-Indian Buddha: The Temptation of the Buddha, 2nd or 3rd century c.e.

Source 4.2 A Classical Indian Buddha: An Indian Buddha, 6th century c.e.

Source 4.3 The Reputation of the Buddha in Ancient Buddhist Stories: The Greater Discourse to Sakuludayin, ca. 1st century b.c.e.

Source 4.4 A Korean Bodhisattva of Compassion: A Bodhisattva of Compassion: Avalokitesvara with a Thousand Arms

Source 4.5 The Buddha and the Outcast: Sunita the Outcaste

Source 4.6 A Chinese Buddha: The Chinese Maitreya Buddha, 10th to 14th century c.e.

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: On the Buddha

Voice 4.1 John Strong on the Context of the Buddha’s Life, from The Buddha: A Short Biography, 2001

Voice 4.2 Karen Armstrong on the Buddha and Biography, from Buddha, 2001

 

5. SOCIETY AND INEQUALITY IN EURASIA / NORTH AFRICA, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.

Society and the State in China

An Elite of Officials

The Landlord Class

Peasants

Merchants

Class and Caste in India

Caste as Varna

Caste as Jati

The Functions of Caste

Slavery: The Case of the Roman Empire

Slavery and Civilization

The Making of Roman Slavery

Comparing Patriarchies

A Changing Patriarchy: The Case of China

Contrasting Patriarchies: Athens and Sparta

Conclusions and Reflections: Pondering Inequality

Revisiting Chapter 5

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 5

ZOOMING IN: The Spartacus Slave Revolt

THEN AND NOW: Slavery

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Pompeii as a Window on the Roman World

Source 5.1 Terentius Neo and His Wife: An Elite Couple of Pompeii, 1st century c.e.

Source 5.2 A Pompeii Banquet: A Dinner with Friends, 1st century c.e.

Source 5.3 From a Pompeii Tavern: An Evening Out at a Pompeii Bar, 1st century c.e.

Source 5.4 The Graffiti and Inscriptions of Pompeii: The Grafitti of Pompeii, 1st century c.e.

Source 5.5 Household Religion in Pompeii: A Household Shrine from Pompeii, 1st century c.e.

Source 5.6 Mystery Religion in Pompeii: An Initiation Ritual, 1st century c.e.

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: On Pompeii

Voice 5.1 Mary Beard on the Artifacts of Pompeii, from "Pompeii Exhibition," 2017

Voice 5.2 Andrew Wilson and Miko Flohr on the Economy of Pompeii, from The Economy of Pompeii, 2017

 

6. COMMONALITIES AND VARIATIONS: AFRICA, THE AMERICAS, AND PACIFIC OCEANIA, 600 B.C.E.–1200 C.E.

Continental Comparisons

Civilizations of Africa

Meroë: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization

Axum: The Making of a Christian Kingdom

Along the Niger River: Cities without States

Civilizations of Mesoamerica

The Maya: Writing and Warfare

Teotihuacán: The Americas’ Greatest City

Civilizations of the Andes

Chavín: A Pan-Andean Religious Movement

Moche: A Civilization of the Coast

Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior

Alternatives to Civilization

Bantu Africa: Cultural Encounters and Social Variation

North America: Ancestral Pueblo and Mound Builders

Pacific Oceania: Peoples of the Sea

Conclusions and Reflections: One History...or Many?

Revisiting Chapter 6

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 6

ZOOMING IN: The Lord of Sipan and the Lady of Cao

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Axum and the World

Source 6.1 The Making of an Axumite Empire: Inscription on a Stone Throne, 2nd or 3rd century c.e.

Source 6.2 The Columns of Axum: An Axumite Monument, late 3rd or early 4th century c.e

Source 6.3 The Coming of Christianity to Axum: Rufinus, On the Evangelization of Abyssinia, late 4th century c.e.

Source 6.4 Axum and the Gold Trade: Cosmas, The Gold Trade of Axum, 6th century c.e.

Source 6.5 Axum Gold Coin: A "Christian Coin" from Axum

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Christian Axum

Voice 6.1 Erik Gilbert and Jonathan Reynolds on the Transregional Nature of Early Christianity, from African World History, 2004

Voice 6.2 Christopher Ehret on the Role of Trade in the Coming of Christianity to Axum, from The Civilizations of Africa, 2002

 

PART 3 Civilizations and Encounters during the Third-Wave Era, 600–1450

THE BIG PICTURE Patterns and Processes of the Third-Wave Era

Third-Wave Civilizations

The Ties That Bind: Transregional Interaction in the Third-Wave Era

LANDMARKS IN WORLD HISTORY (600–1450)

 

7. COMMERCE AND CULTURE, 600–1450

Silk Roads: Exchange across Eurasia

The Growth of the Silk Roads

Goods in Transit

Cultures in Transit

Diseases in Transit

Sea Roads: Exchange across the Indian Ocean

Weaving the Web of an Indian Ocean World

Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: Southeast Asia

Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: East Africa

Sand Roads: Exchange across the Sahara

Commercial Beginnings in West Africa

Gold, Salt, and Slaves: Trade and Empire in West Africa

An American Network: Commerce and Connection in the Western Hemisphere

Conclusions and Reflections: Globalization — Ancient and Modern

Revisiting Chapter 4

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 7

ZOOMING IN: The Arabian Camel

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Travelers’ Tales and Observations

Source 7.1 A Chinese Buddhist in India: Xuanzang, Record of the Western Region, 7th century c.e.

Source 7.2 A European Christian in China: Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, 1299

Source 7.3 A European Artist Depicts Asia: The Marvelous Races of the East, ca. 1410

Source 7.4 A Moroccan Diplomat in West Africa: Leo Africanus, The History and Description of Africa, 1526

Source 7.5 A Korean World Map: The Honkōji Copy of the Kangnido Map, Korea, 15th century

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: On Travel Writers

Voice 7.1 John Larner on Whether Polo Really Traveled to China, from Marco Polo and the Discovery of the World, 1999

Voice 7.2 Natalie Zemon Davis on Leo Africanus’s Audiences, from Trickster Travels: A Sixteenth-Century Muslim between Worlds, 2006

 

8. CHINA AND THE WORLD: EAST ASIAN CONNECTIONS, 600–1300

Together Again: The Reemergence of a Unified China

A Golden Age of Chinese Achievement

Women in the Song Dynasty

China and the Northern Nomads: A Chinese World Order in the Making

The Tribute System in Theory

The Tribute System in Practice

Cultural Influence across an Ecological Frontier

Interacting with China: Comparing Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

Korea and China

Vietnam and China

Japan and China

China and the Eurasian World Economy

Spillovers: China’s Impact on Eurasia

On the Receiving End: China as Economic Beneficiary

China and Buddhism

Making Buddhism Chinese

Losing State Support: The Crisis of Chinese Buddhism

Conclusions and Reflections: Pondering Change in China

Revisiting Chapter 8

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 8

ZOOMING IN: Gunpowder

THEN AND NOW: China and the World

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Society during China’s Golden Age

Source 8.1 Becoming a Scholar-Official

Po Chu-I, After Passing the Examination, ca. 800

Po Chu-I, Escorting Candidates to the Examination Hall, 805

Source 8.2 Scholar-Officials and the Emperor: Scholars Gathering in a Bamboo Garden, 12th century

Source 8.3 Life in the Fields

Po Chu-I, Watching the Reapers, 806

Du Fu, A Song of War Chariots, 8th century

Source 8.4 City Life in Art: Zhang Zeduan, Along the River during the Qingming Festival, 12th century

Source 8.5 Family and Society: Yan Zhitui, Family Instructions, 6th century

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Economy and Society in Golden Age China

Voice 8.1 Morris Rossabi on the Place of Merchants in Chinese Society from A History of China, 2014

Voice 8.2 Valerie Hansen on the Social Implications of the Commercializing Economy from The Year 1000: When Explorers Connected the World - and Globalization Began, 2020

 

9. THE WORLDS OF ISLAM: AFRO-EURASIAN CONNECTIONS, 600–1450

The Birth of a New Religion

The Homeland of Islam

The Messenger and the Message

The Transformation of Arabia

The Making of an Arab Muslim Empire

War, Conquest, and Tolerance

Conversion

Divisions and Controversies

Women and Men in Early Islam

Islam and Cultural Encounter: A Four-Way Comparison

The Case of India

The Case of Anatolia

The Case of West Africa

The Case of Spain

The World of Islam as a New Civilization

Networks of Faith

Networks of Exchange

Conclusions and Reflections: The Islamic World and the Uses of History

Revisiting Chapter 9

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 9

ZOOMING IN: Mullah Nasruddin, the Wise Fool of Islam

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE : Cultural Encounters in Muslim Spain

Source 9.1 Conquest

Anonymous Christian Chronicle, 754

The Peace Treaty of Tudmïr, 713

Source 9.2 Islam in the Urban Landscape: Prayer Hall, the Great Mosque of Cordoba, ca. 800

Source 9.3 Arabic Culture and the Christian Community: Paul Alvarus, On Christian Youths, 9th century

Source 9.4 Regulating Interfaith Interactions: Ibn ‘Abdūn, Handbook for Market Inspectors, early 12th century

Source 9.5 Depicting Social Interactions between Muslims and Christians: Playing Chess, 1283

Source 9.6 The Expulsion of Muslims from Christian Spain: Queen Isabella, Royal Edict of Expulsion, 1502

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Religious Tolerance in Muslim Spain

Voice 9.1 Bernard Lewis on "Second-Class Citizenship," From The Jews of Islam, 1984

Voice 9.2 David Levering Lewis on Religious Tolerance in Ninth Century Spain, 2008

 

10. THE WORLDS OF CHRISTENDOM: CONTRACTION, EXPANSION, AND DIVISION, 600–1450

Christian Contraction in Asia and Africa

Asian Christianity

African Christianity

Byzantine Christendom: Building on the Roman Past

The Byzantine State

The Byzantine Church and Christian Divergence

Byzantium and the World

The Conversion of Russia

Western Christendom: Rebuilding in the Wake of Roman Collapse

Political Life in Western Europe

Society and the Church

Accelerating Change in the West

Europe Outward Bound: The Crusading Tradition

The West in Comparative Perspective

Catching Up

Pluralism in Politics

Reason and Faith

Conclusions and Reflections: Remembering and Forgetting

Revisiting Chapter 10

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 10

ZOOMING IN: Cecilia Penifader, an English Peasant and Unmarried Woman

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: The Remaking of Western Europe

Source 10.1 The Conversion of Clovis: Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks, late 6th Century

Source 10.2 Advice on Dealing with "Pagans": Pope Gregory, Advice to the English Church, 601

Source 10.3 Pagan Art and Christian Texts: Lindisfarne Gospel, 698–721

Source 10.4 Germanic Law: Burgundian Code, ca. 474 c.e.

Source 10.5 Charlemagne’s Palace Chapel: Aachen Palace Chapel, completed 805 c.e.

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Legacy of Rome

Voice 10.1 Blockmans and Hoppenbrouwers on the End of Roman Civilization, from Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300–1500, 2014

Voice 10.2 Cunliffe on Charlemagne, from Europe between the Oceans, 9000 BC–AD 1000, 2008

 

11. PASTORAL PEOPLES ON THE GLOBAL STAGE: THE MONGOL MOMENT, 1200–1450

The Long History of Pastoral Peoples

The World of Pastoral Societies

Before the Mongols: Pastoralists in History

Breakout: The Mongol Empire

From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: The Rise of the Mongol Empire

Explaining the Mongol Moment

Encountering the Mongols in China, Persia, and Russia

China and the Mongols

Persia and the Mongols

Russia and the Mongols

The Mongol Empire as a Eurasian Network

Toward a World Economy

Diplomacy on a Eurasian Scale

Cultural Exchange in the Mongol Realm

The Plague: An Afro-Eurasian Pandemic

Conclusions and Reflections: Historians, Bias, and the Mongols

Revisiting Chapter 11

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 11

ZOOMING IN: A Mongol Failure: The Invasion of Japan

CONTROVERSIES: Debating Empires

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Perceptions of the Mongols

Source 11.1 The Self-Perception of Mongol Rulers

Chinggis Khan, Letter to Changchun, 1219

The Secret History of the Mongols, ca. 1240

Source 11.2 Picturing Khubilai Khan

Liu Guandao, Khubilai on a Hunt, 1280

Marco Polo and Khubilai Khan, 15th century

Khubilai Khan in Council with His Courtiers and Scribes, 1590

Source 11.3 A Persian View of the Conquest of Bukhara: Juvaini, The History of the World Conqueror, 1219

Source 11.4 A European View of Mongol Life: William of Rubruck, Journey to the Land of the Mongols, ca. 1255

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Assessing the Mongol Impact

Voice 11.1 Jack Weatherford on the Mongols in World History, from Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, 2004

Voice 11.2 Paul S. Ropp on the Mongol Impact on China’s Economy, from China in World History, 2010

 

12. THE WORLDS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

Societies and Cultures of the Fifteenth Century

Paleolithic Persistence: Australia and North America

Agricultural Village Societies: The Igbo and the Iroquois

Pastoral Peoples: Central Asia and West Africa

Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: Comparing China and Europe

Ming Dynasty China

European Comparisons: State Building and Cultural Renewal

European Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging

Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Islamic World

In the Islamic Heartland: The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

On the Frontiers of Islam: The Songhay and Mughal Empires

Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Americas

The Aztec Empire

The Inca Empire

Webs of Connection

After 1500: Looking Ahead to the Modern Era

Conclusions and Reflections: Perspectives on Turning Points

Revisiting Chapter 12

Revisiting Specifics

Revisiting Core Ideas

A Wider View

Landmarks for Chapter 12

ZOOMING IN: 1453 in Constantinople

WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Islam and Renaissance Europe

Source 12.1 Portrait of Mehmed II: Gentile Bellini, Portrait of Mehmed II, ca. 1479

Source 12.2 Machiavelli on the Turkish State: Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 1513

Source 12.3 Venetian Trade in the Middle East: The Venetian Ambassador Visits Damascus, 1511

Source 12.4 Greek and Islamic Philosophers in Renaissance Art: Girolamo de Cremona, Aristotle and Averroes, 1483

Source 12.5 A Papal Call for Crusade: Pope Clement VI, Call for Crusade, September 30, 1343

HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Christian/Muslim Relations during the Renaissance

Voice 12.1 Jerry Brotton on the Role of Cross-cultural Exchange in the European Renaissance, from The Renaissance Bazaar: From the Silk Road to Michelangelo, 2002

Voice 12.2 Bernard Lewis on Hostility between Christians and Muslims, from Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims and Jews in the Age of Discovery, 1995

 

PART 4 The Early Modern World, 1450–1750

THE BIG PICTURE Toward Modernity . . . or Not?

Sprouts of Modernity?

Continuing Older Patterns?

LANDMARKS IN WORLD HISTORY (1450–1750)

 

Glossary