The American Promise, Value Edition, Combined Volume

Please Note: The Combined Volume includes all chapters. Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-16 and Volume 2 includes Chapters 16-31.

Preface

Versions and Supplements

Maps and Figures

1. Ancient America, Before 1492

An American Story: An archaeological dig uncovers ancient North Americans traditions

Why do historians rely on the work of archaeologists?

When and how did humans migrate into North America?

African and Asian Origins

Paleo-Indian Hunters

When and why did Archaic hunter-gatherers inhabit ancient America?

Great Plains Bison Hunters

Great Basin Cultures

Pacific Coast Cultures

Eastern Woodland Cultures

How did agriculture influence ancient American cultures?

Southwestern Cultures

Woodland Burial Mounds and Chiefdoms

What ancient American cultures inhabited North America in the 1490s?

Eastern and Great Plains Peoples

Southwestern and Western Peoples

Cultural Similarities

How did the Mexican empire amass power and riches?

Conclusion: How did ancient Americans shape their world and ours?

Chapter Review

2. Europeans Encounter the New World, 1492–1600

An American Story: Queen Isabella of Spain supports Columbus’s risky plan to sail west across the Atlantic

Why did Europeans launch explorations in the fifteenth century?

Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion

A Century of Portuguese Exploration

What did Spaniards discover in the western Atlantic?

The Explorations of Columbus

The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange

How did Spaniards conquer and colonize New Spain?

The Conquest of Mexico

The Search for Other Mexicos

Spanish Outposts in Florida and New Mexico

New Spain in the Sixteenth Century

The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization

How did New Spain influence Europe?

The Protestant Reformation and the Spanish Response

Europe and The Spanish Example

Conclusion: What did the New World Promise Europeans?

Chapter Review

3. The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601–1700

An American Story: A young woman from England travels to America as a servant

How did settlers encounters with Native Americans and the Chesapeake environment shape the colony of Virginia?

The Fragile Jamestown Settlement

Cooperation and Conflict between Natives and Newcomers

From Private Company to Royal Government

How did tobacco influence Chesapeake society?

Tobacco Agriculture

A Servant Labor System

The Rigors of Servitude

Cultivating Land and Faith

Why did Chesapeake society change by the 1670s?

Social and Economic Polarization

Government Policies and Political Conflict

Bacon’s Rebellion

Why did a slave labor system develop in England’s southern colonies?

Indians Revolt in New Mexico and Florida

Religion and Revolt in the Spanish Borderland

The West Indies: Sugar and Slavery

Carolina: A West Indian Frontier

Slave Labor Emerges in the Chesapeake

Conclusion: How did export crops contribute to the growth of the southern colonies?

Chapter Review

4. The Northern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601–1700

An American Story: Roger Williams is banished from Puritan Massachusetts

Why did Puritans emigrate to North America?

Puritan Origins: The English Reformation

The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony

The Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony

How did New England society change during the seventeenth century?

Church, Covenant, and Conformity

Government by Puritans for Puritanism

The Splintering of Puritanism

Religious Controversies and Economic Changes

How did the Middle Colonies differ from New England and the southern colonies?

From New Netherland to New York

New Jersey and Pennsylvania

Toleration and Diversity in Pennsylvania

How did the English empire influence the colonies?

Royal Regulation of Colonial Trade

King Philip’s War and the Consolidation of Royal Authority

Conclusion: Was there an English model of colonization in North America?

Chapter Review

5. Colonial America in the Eighteenth Century, 1701–1770

An American Story: The Robin Johns’ horrific turns of fortune in the Atlantic slave trade

How did the British North American colonies change during the eighteenth century?

What changed in New England life and culture?

Natural Increase and Land Distribution

Farms, Fish, and Atlantic Trade

Why did the Middle Colonies grow rapidly?

German and Scots-Irish Immigrants

"God Gives All Things to Industry": Urban and Rural Labor

Why did slavery come to define the Southern Colonies?

The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Growth of Slavery

Slave Labor and African American Culture

Tobacco, Rice, and Prosperity

What unified colonists in British North America during the eighteenth century?

Commerce and Consumption

Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival

Trade and Conflict in the North American Borderlands

Colonial Politics in the British Empire

Conclusion: Why did British North American colonists develop a dual identity?

Chapter Review

6. The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1754-1775

An American Story: Loyalist governor Thomas Hutchinson stands his ground How did the Seven Years’ War lay the groundwork for colonial crisis?

French-British Rivalry in the Ohio Country

The Albany Congress

The War and Its Consequences

Pontiac’s Rebellion War and the Proclamation of 1763

How did imperial authorities and British colonists differ in their views about the legitimacy of taxing the colonies?

Grenville’s Sugar Act

The Stamp Act

Resistance: From Colonial Assemblies to Crowd Politics

Liberty and Property

Why did the colonial crisis worsen after the repeal of the Stamp Act?

The Townshend Duties

Nonconsumption and the Daughters of Liberty

Military Occupation and "Massacre" in Boston

How did British policy and colonial response interact after the repeal of the Townshend Duties to lead to open rebellion?

The Calm before the Storm

Tea in Boston Harbor

The Coercive Acts

Beyond Boston: Rural New England

The First Continental Congress

How did enslaved people in the colonies react to the stirrings of revolution?

Lexington and Concord

Rebelling against Slavery

Conclusion: What changes did the American colonists want in 1775?

Chapter Review

7. The War for America, 1775-1783

An American Story: Deborah Sampson masquerades as a man to join the Continental army

What eventually persuaded British North American colonists to support independence?

Assuming Political and Military Authority

Pursuing Both War and Peace

Thomas Paine, Abigail Adams, and the Case for Independence

The Declaration of Independence

How did the military objectives of each side shape the course of the war’s early years?

The American Military Forces

The British Strategy

Quebec, New York, and New Jersey

How did the war transform the home front?

Patriotism at the Local Level

The Loyalists

Who Is a Traitor?

Financial Instability and Corruption

From Rebellion to Revolution

How did the American Revolution expand to become a war among continental and global powers?

Burgoyne’s Army and the Battle of Saratoga

The War in the West: Indian Country

The French Alliance

What were the principal causes of the British defeat?

Georgia and South Carolina

Treason and Guerrilla Warfare

Surrender at Yorktown

The Losers and the Winners

Conclusion: Why did the British lose the American Revolution?

Chapter Review

8. Building a Republic, 1775-1789

An American Story: James Madison comes of age in the midst of revolution

What kind of government did the Articles of Confederation create?

Confederation and Taxation

The Problem of Western Lands

Running the New Government

How was republican government implemented?

The State Constitutions

Who Are "the People"?

Equality and Slavery

Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?

The War Debt and the Newburgh Conspiracy

The Treaty of Fort Stanwix

The Northwest Territory

The Requisition of 1785 and Shays’s Rebellion, 1786–1787

How did the Constitution change the nation’s form of government?

From Annapolis to Philadelphia

The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

Checks and Balances

Why did so many Americans object to the Constitution?

The Federalists

The Antifederalists

The Federalist Persuasion

Conclusion: What was the "republican remedy"?

Chapter Review

9. The New Nation Takes Form, 1789–1800

An American Story: Alexander Hamilton becomes a polarizing figure in the 1790s

What were the sources of political stability in the 1790s?

Washington Inaugurates the Government

The Bill of Rights

The Republican Wife and Mother

Why did Hamilton’s economic policies provoke such controversy?

Agriculture, Transportation, and Banking

The Public Debt and Taxes

The First Bank of the United States and the Report on Manufactures

What threats did the United States face in the West?

Western Discontent and the Whiskey Rebellion

Creeks in the Southwest

Ohio Indians in the Northwest

What threats did the United States face in the Atlantic World?

France and Britain: Toward Neutrality

The Jay Treaty

The Haitian Revolution

How did partisan rivalries shape the politics of the late 1790s?

Federalists and Republicans

The XYZ Affair

The Alien and Sedition Acts

Conclusion: Why did the United States form political parties in a decade when it achieved political stability?

Chapter Review

10. Republicans in Power, 1800-1828

An American Story: Tecumseh attempts to forge a pan-Indian confederacy

What was the Revolution of 1800?

Turbulent Times: Election and Rebellion

The Jeffersonian Vision of Republican Government

Dangers Overseas: The Barbary Wars

How did the Louisiana Purchase affect the United States?

The Louisiana Purchase

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

Osage and Comanche Indians

What led to the War of 1812?

Impressment and Embargo

Tecumseh and Tippecanoe

Washington City Burns: The British Offensive

How did the civil status of free American women and men differ in the early Republic?

Dolley Madison and Social Politics

Women and the Law

Women and Church Governance

Female Education

Why did partisan conflict increase during the administrations of Monroe and Adams?

From Property to Democracy

The Missouri Compromise

The Monroe Doctrine

The Election of 1824

The Adams Administration

Conclusion: How did republican simplicity become complex?

Chapter Review

11. The Expanding Republic, 1815-1840

An American Story: The Grimké sisters speak out against slavery

What Economic Developments Reshaped the U.S. Economy after 1815?

Improvements in Transportation

Factories, Workingwomen, and Wage Labor

Bankers and Lawyers

Booms and Busts

How did new practices of party politics shape Andrew Jackson’s election and agenda?

Popular Politics and Partisan Identity

The Election of 1828 and the Character Issue

Jackson’s Democratic Agenda

What was Andrew Jackson’s impact on the presidency?

Indian Policy and the Trail of Tears

The Tariff of Abominations and Nullification

The Bank War and Economic Boom

How did social and cultural life change in the 1830s?

Separate Spheres

The Second Great Awakening and Moral Reform

Organizing against Slavery

What political and economic events dominated Martin Van Buren’s Presidency?

The Politics of Slavery

Elections and Panics

Conclusion: The Age of Jackson or the era of reform?

Chapter Review

12. The North and West, 1840-1860

An American Story: Abraham Lincoln struggles to survive in antebellum America

Why did "industrial evolution" occur?

Agriculture and Land Policy

Manufacturing and Mechanization

Railroads: Breaking the Bonds of Nature

How did the free-labor ideal explain economic inequality?

The Free-Labor Ideal

Economic Inequality

Immigrants and the Free-Labor Ladder

What spurred westward expansion?

Manifest Destiny

Oregon and the Overland Trail

The Mormon Exodus

The Mexican Borderlands

Why did the United States go to war with Mexico?

The Politics of Expansion

The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848

Victory in Mexico

Golden California

What changes did social reformers seek in the 1840s and 1850s?

The Pursuit of Perfection: Transcendentalists and Utopians

Woman’s Rights Activists

Abolitionists and the American Ideal

Conclusion: How did the free labor ideal contribute to economic growth and territorial expansion of the North and West?

Chapter Review

13. The Slave South, 1820-1860

An American Story: Slave Nat Turner leads a revolt to end slavery

Why did the South become so different from the North?

Cotton Kingdom, Slave Empire

The South in Black and White

The Plantation Economy

What was plantation life like for slave masters and mistresses?

Paternalism and Male Honor

The Southern Lady and Feminine Virtues

What was plantation life like for slaves?

Work

Family and Religion

Resistance and Rebellion

How did nonslaveholding southern whites work and live?

Plantation-Belt Yeomen

Upcountry Yeomen

Poor Whites

The Culture of the Plain Folk

What place did free blacks occupy in the South?

Precarious Freedom

Achievement despite Restrictions

How did slavery shape southern politics?

The Democratization of the Political Arena

Planter Power

Conclusion: How did slavery come to define the South?

Chapter Review

14. The House Divided, 1846-1861

An American Story: Abolitionist John Brown takes his war against slavery to Harpers Ferry

Why did the acquisition of land from Mexico contribute to sectional tensions?

The Wilmot Proviso and the Expansion of Slavery

The Election of 1848

Debate and Compromise

What upset the balance between slave and free states?

The Fugitive Slave Act

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

How did the party system change in the 1850s?

The Old Parties: Whigs and Democrats

The New Parties: Know-Nothings and Republicans

The Election of 1856

Why did northern fear of the "Slave Power" intensify in the 1850s?

"Bleeding Kansas"

The Dred Scott Decision

Prairie Republican: Abraham Lincoln

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Why did some southern states secede immediately after Lincoln’s election?

The Aftermath of John Brown’s Raid

Republican Victory in 1860

Secession Winter

Conclusion: Why did political compromise fail?

Chapter Review

15. The Crucible of War, 1861-1865

An American Story: Robert Smalls liberates slaves and fights for freedom

Why did both the Union and the Confederacy consider control of the border states crucial?

Attack on Fort Sumter

The Upper South Chooses Sides

Why did each side expect to win?

How They Expected to Win

Lincoln and Davis Mobilize

How did each side fare in the early years of the war?

Stalemate in the Eastern Theater

Union Victories in the Western Theater

The Atlantic Theater

International Diplomacy

How did the war for union become a fight for black freedom?

From Slaves to Contraband

From Contraband to Free People

The War of Black Liberation

What problems did the Confederacy face at home?

Revolution from Above

Hardship Below

The Disintegration of Slavery

How did the war affect the economy and politics of the North?

The Government and the Economy

Women and Work at Home and at War

Politics and Dissent

How did the Union finally win the war?

Vicksburg and Gettysburg

Grant Takes Command

The Confederacy Collapses

The War’s Bloody Toll

Conclusion: In what ways was the Civil War a "Second American Revolution"?

Chapter Review

16. Reconstruction, 1863-1877

An American Story: James T. Rapier emerges as Alabama’s most prominent black leader

Why did Congress object to Lincoln’s wartime plan for reconstruction?

"To Bind Up the Nation’s Wounds"

Land and Labor

The African American Quest for Autonomy

How did the North respond to the passage of black codes in the southern states?

Johnson’s Program of Reconciliation

White Southern Resistance and Black Codes

Expansion of Federal Authority and Black Rights

How radical was congressional reconstruction?

The Fourteenth Amendment and Escalating Violence

Radical Reconstruction and Military Rule

Impeaching a President

The Fifteenth Amendment and Women’s Demands

What brought the elements of the South’s Republican coalition together?

Freedmen, Yankees, and Yeomen

Republican Rule

White Landlords, Black Sharecroppers

Why did Reconstruction collapse?

Grant’s Troubled Presidency

Northern Resolve Withers

White Supremacy Triumphs

An Election and a Compromise

Conclusion: Was Reconstruction "a revolution but half accomplished"?

Chapter Review

17. The Contested West, 1865-1900

An American Story: Frederick Jackson Turner delivers his "frontier thesis"

What did U.S. expansion mean for Native Americans?

Indian Removal and the Reservation System

The Decimation of the Great Bison Herds

The Santee Uprising and the Collapse of Comanchería

Red Cloud’s War and the Fight for the Black Hills

In what ways did different Indian groups defy and resist colonial rule?

Indian Schools and the War on Indian Culture

The Dawes Act and Indian Land Allotment

Indian Resistance and Survival

How did mining shape American expansion?

Life on the Comstock Lode

The Diverse Peoples of the West

How did the fight for land and resources in the West unfold?

Moving West: Homesteaders and Speculators

Tenants, Sharecroppers, and Migrants

Commercial Farming and Industrial Cowboys

Territorial Government

Conclusion: How did the West set the tone for the Gilded Age?

Chapter Review

18. The Gilded Age, 1865-1900

An American Story: The Big Four build the transcontinental railroad

How did the railroads stimulate big business?

Railroads: America’s First Big Business

Andrew Carnegie, Steel, and Vertical Integration

John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil, and the Trust

New Inventions: The Telephone and the Telegraph

Why did the ideas of social Darwinism appeal to many Americans in the late nineteenth century?

J. P. Morgan and Finance Capitalism

Social Darwinism, Laissez-Faire, and the Supreme Court

What factors influenced political life in the late nineteenth century?

Political Participation and Party Loyalty

Sectionalism and the New South

Gender, Race, and Politics

Women’s Activism

What issues shaped party politics in the late nineteenth century?

Corruption and Party Strife

Garfield’s Assassination and Civil Service Reform

Reform and Scandal: The Campaign of 1884

Henry George and the Politics of Inequality

What role did economic issues play in party realignment?

The Tariff and the Politics of Protection

Railroads, Trusts, and the Federal Government

The Fight for Free Silver

Panic and Depression

Conclusion: Why did business dominate the Gilded Age?

Chapter Review

19. The City and Its Workers, 1870-1900

An American Story: Workers build the Brooklyn Bridge

Why did American cities experience explosive growth in the late nineteenth century?

The Urban Explosion: A Global Migration

Racism and the Cry for Immigration Restriction

The Social Geography of the City

What kinds of work did people do in industrial America?

America’s Diverse Workers

The Family Economy: Women and Children

White-Collar Workers: Managers, "Typewriters," and Salesclerks

Why did the fortunes of the Knights of Labor rise in the late 1870s and decline in the 1890s?

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor

Haymarket and the Specter of Labor Radicalism

How did urban industrialism shape home life and the world of leisure?

Domesticity and "Domestics"

Cheap Amusements

How did municipal governments respond to the challenges of urban expansion?

Building Cities of Stone and Steel

City Government and the "Bosses"

New York and the Consolidation of the Capitalist Class

White City or City of Sin?

Conclusion: Who built the cities?

Chapter Review

20. Dissent, Depression, and War, 1890-1900

An American Story: Frances Willard helps create the Populist Party

Why did American farmers organize alliances in the late nineteenth century?

The Farmers’ Alliance

The Populist Movement

What led to the labor wars of the 1890s?

The Homestead Lockout

The Cripple Creek Miners’ Strike of 1894

Eugene V. Debs and the Pullman Strike

How were women involved in late-nineteenth-century politics?

Frances Willard and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and the Movement for Woman Suffrage

How did economic problems affect American politics in the 1890s?

Coxey’s Army

The People’s Party and the Election of 1896

Why did the United States largely abandon its isolationist foreign policy in the 1890s?

Markets and Missionaries

The Monroe Doctrine and the Open Door Policy

"A Splendid Little War"

The Debate over American Imperialism

Conclusion: What was the connection between domestic strife and foreign policy?

Chapter Review

21. Progressive Reform, 1890-1916

An American Story: Jane Addams founds Hull House

How did grassroots progressives attack the problems of industrial America?

Civilizing the City

Progressives and the Working Class

What were the key tenets of progressive theory?

Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering

Progressive Government: City and State

How did Theodore Roosevelt advance the progressive agenda?

The Square Deal

Roosevelt the Reformer

Roosevelt and Conservation

The Big Stick

The Troubled Presidency of William Howard Taft

How did progressivism evolve during Woodrow Wilson’s first term?

Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912

Wilson’s Reforms: Tariff, Banking, and the Trusts

Wilson, Reluctant Progressive

What were the limits of progressive reform?

Radical Alternatives

Progressivism for White Men Only

Conclusion: How did the Progressive Era give rise to the liberal state?

Chapter Review

22. World War I: The Progressive Crusade at Home and Abroad, 1914-1920

An American Story: George Browne sees combat on the front lines in France

What was Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy agenda?

Taming the Americas

The European Crisis

The Ordeal of American Neutrality

The United States Enters the War

What role did the United States play in World War I?

The Call to Arms

The War in France

What impact did the war have on the home front?

The Progressive Stake in the War

Women, War, and the Battle for Suffrage

Rally around the Flag—or Else

What part did Woodrow Wilson play at the Paris peace conference?

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

The Paris Peace Conference

The Fight for the Treaty

Why was America’s transition from war to peace so turbulent?

Economic Hardship and Labor Upheaval

The Red Scare

The Great Migrations of African Americans and Mexicans

Postwar Politics and the Election of 1920

Conclusion: Victory, but at what cost?

Chapter Review

23. From New Era to Great Depression, 1920-1932

An American Story: Henry Ford puts America on wheels

How did big business shape the "New Era" of the 1920s?

A Business Government

Promoting Prosperity and Peace Abroad

Automobiles, Mass Production, and Assembly-Line Progress

Consumer Culture

In what ways did the Roaring Twenties challenge traditional values?

Prohibition

The New Woman

The New Negro

Entertaining the Masses

The Lost Generation

Why did the relationship between urban and rural America deteriorate in the 1920s?

Rejecting the Undesirables

The Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan

The Scopes Trial

Al Smith and the Election of 1928

How did President Hoover respond to the economic crash of 1929?

Herbert Hoover: The Great Engineer

The Distorted Economy

The Crash of 1929

Hoover and the Limits of Individualism

What impact did the economic depression have on everyday life?

The Human Toll

Denial and Escape

Working-Class Militancy

Conclusion: Why did the hope of the 1920s turn to despair?

Chapter Review

24. The New Deal Experiment, 1932-1939

An American Story: Florence Owens struggles to survive in the Great Depression

Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president in 1932?

The Making of a Politician

The Election of 1932

What were the goals and achievements of the first New Deal?

The New Dealers

Banking and Finance Reform

Relief and Conservation Programs

Agricultural Initiatives

Industrial Recovery

Who opposed the New Deal?

Resistance to Business Reform

Casualties in the Countryside

Politics on the Fringes

Why did the New Deal begin to create a welfare state?

Relief for the Unemployed

Empowering Labor

Social Security and Tax Reform

Neglected Americans and the New Deal

What did the New Deal lose support during Roosevelt’s second term as president?

The Election of 1936

Court Packing

Reaction and Recession

The Last of the New Deal Reforms

Conclusion: What were the achievements and limitations of the New Deal?

Chapter Review

25. The United States and the Second World War, 1939-1945

An American Story: Colonel Paul Tibbets drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima

How did isolationism shape American foreign policy in the 1930s?

Roosevelt and Reluctant Isolation

The Good Neighbor Policy

The Price of Isolation

How did war in Europe and Asia influence U.S. foreign policy?

Nazi Aggression and War in Europe

From Neutrality to the Arsenal of Democracy

Japan Attacks America

How did the United States mobilize for war?

Home-Front Security

Building a Citizen Army

Conversion to a War Economy

How did the Allies reverse Axis advances in Europe and the Pacific?

Turning the Tide in the Pacific

The Campaign in Europe

How did war change the American home front?

Women and Families, Guns and Butter

The Double V Campaign

Wartime Politics and the 1944 Election

Reaction to the Holocaust

How did the Allies win the war?

From Bombing Raids to Berlin

The Defeat of Japan

Atomic Warfare

Conclusion: Why did the United States emerge as a superpower at the end of the war?

Chapter Review

26. The New World of the Cold War, 1945–1960

An American Story: Congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas becomes a loyal Truman ally

How did the Cold War begin?

U.S.-Soviet Tensions Emerge

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

Building a National Security State

In what ways did anti-Communism drive policy at home and abroad?

Superpower Rivalry around the Globe

The Domestic Chill: McCarthyism

Why did the U.S. go to war in Korea?

Military Implementation of Containment

From Containment to Rollback to Containment

Korea’s Political Fallout

An Armistice and the War’s Costs

How did Truman’s and Eisenhower’s approaches to the superpower struggle differ?

The "New Look" in Foreign Policy

Applying Containment to Vietnam

Interventions in Latin America and the Middle East

The Nuclear Arms Race

Conclusion: What were the costs and consequences of the Cold War?

Chapter Review

27. Postwar Culture and Politics, 1945-1960

An American Story: Vice President Richard Nixon debates Russian premier Nikita Khrushchev

What were the prospects for domestic reform in the Truman years?

Reconverting to a Peacetime Economy

The Fair Deal Falters

Race and Rights in the 1940s

To what extent did Eisenhower dismantle the New Deal?

A Republican "Middle Way"

A Shifting Indian Policy

What fueled the prosperity of the 1950s?

Technology Transforms Agriculture and Industry

Suburban Migrations

The Rise of the Sun Belt

The Democratization of Higher Education

How did economic growth affect American society, politics, and culture?

A Consumer Culture

The Revival of Domesticity and Religion

Television Transforms Culture and Politics

Countercurrents

What mobilized African Americans to fight for civil rights in the 1950s?

African Americans Challenge the Supreme Court and the President

Montgomery and Mass Protest

Conclusion: What unmet challenges did peace and prosperity mask?

Chapter Review

28. Rights, Rebellion, and Reaction, 1960-1974

An American Story: Pauli Murray breaks barriers to fight for civil rights

What were the achievements of JFK’s New Frontier and LBJ’s Great Society?

Kennedy and a New Frontier in the 1960s

Johnson and the War on Poverty

Liberalism at High Tide

Legacies of the Great Society

The Judicial Revolution

How did the black freedom movement evolve?

The Flowering of Civil Rights

The Response in Washington

Black Power and Urban Rebellions

What other social movements emerged in the 1960s?

Native American Protest

Latino Struggles for Justice

Youth Rebellions, the New Left, and the Counterculture

Gay Men and Lesbians Organize

Environmental Activists Mobilize

What were the goals of the new wave of feminism?

A Multifaceted Movement Emerges

Feminist Gains Spark a Countermovement

Why and where did the conservative movement gain ground?

A Grassroots Right

Nixon and the Election of 1968

Conclusion: What were the lasting effects of sixties-era reform?

Chapter Review

29. Confronting Limits, 1961-1979

An American Story: Lieutenant Frederick Downs Jr returns home wounded to a divided country

What led to the United States’ deepening involvement in Vietnam?

Anti-Communism in the Kennedy Years

A Growing War in Southeast Asia

An All-Out Commitment in Vietnam

Those Who Served

How did a war abroad provoke a war at home?

The Antiwar Movement

The Tet Offensive and Steps Toward Peace

The Tumultuous Election of 1968

How did U.S. foreign policy change under Nixon?

Détente with the Soviet Union and China

U.S. Interventions around the World

Nixon’s War in Vietnam

Peace Accords

The Legacy of Defeat

What accounted for the growth of conservatism in the 1970s?

The End of the Boom

Nixon Courts the Right

The Election of 1972

The Watergate Scandal

The Ford Presidency and the 1976 Election

What challenges did the Carter Administration face?

A Retreat from Liberalism

Energy and Environmental Reform

Promoting Human Rights Abroad

New Foreign Crises

Conclusion: How did the constraints of the 1970s reshape U.S. policy and politics?

Chapter Review

30. Divisions At Home and Abroad in a Conservative Era, 1980-2000

An American Story: Phyllis Schlafly promotes conservatism

What conservative goals were realized during Reagan’s presidency?

Appealing to the New Right and Beyond

Unleashing Free Enterprise

Winners and Losers in a Flourishing Economy

What strategies did liberals use to fight the rightward turn?

Battles in the Courts and Congress

Feminism on the Defensive

The Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement

Why did the Cold War intensify and how did it end?

Militarization and Interventions Abroad

The Iran-Contra Scandal

Soviet-American Relations Transformed

A "New World Order"

War in Central America and the Persian Gulf

What led to increased political polarization in the 1990s?

Gridlock in Government

The 1992 Election

Clinton’s Reforms

Accommodating the Right

Impeaching the President

How did Clinton respond to the challenges of globalization?

The Booming Economy of the 1990s

Debates over Free Trade

Defining America’s Place in a New World Order

Conclusion: What were the legacies of the "Reagan Revolution"?

Chapter Review

31. America in a New Century, Since 2000

An American Story: Jose Antonio Vargas faces anti-immigrant sentimentsin the U.S.

How did George W. Bush alter the focus of U.S. foreign and domestic policy?

The Disputed Election of 2000

The 9/11 Attacks

Security and Civil Liberties

Unilateralism and the "War on Terror"

Domestic Achievements—and Disasters

What were the strengths and weaknesses of the American economy?

Globalized Labor and Production

Immigration and its Discontents

The New Economy and the Old

What obstacles stood in the way of Obama’s reform agenda?

A Post-Racial America?

Governing with Resistance

Multilateralism in Foreign Policy

How did new social movements change politics?

Progressives Mobilize

Civil Rights and Black Lives

Social Media and Activism

What was the significance of the 2016 election?

Platforms, Polls, and Protests

Right-wing Populism on the Rise

A Retreat from U.S. Global Leadership

Conclusion: In a deeply polarized America, was there any common ground?

Chapter Review

APPENDICES

I. Documents

The Declaration of Independence

The Constitution of the United States

Amendments to the Constitution with Annotations (including the six unratified amendments)

Glossary

Index

About the Authors