Sources of World Societies, Volume 2

Chapter 16: The Acceleration of Global Contact, 1450–1600

16-1 The World as Europeans Knew it in 1502

World Map (1502)

16-2 Columbus Defends His Accomplishments

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, Letter from the Third Voyage (1493)

16-3 Spanish Ambitions in the New World

THEODORE DE BRY, Columbus at Hispaniola (ca. 1590)

16-4 Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs

BERNARDINO DE SAHAGÚN, From General History of the Things of New Spain (ca. 1545-1578)

16-5 Blending Indigenous and European Style

ANDRÉS SÁNCHEZ GALLQUE, The Mulatto Gentlemen of Esmeraldas (1599)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

17-1 An Ottoman Sultan Threatens the Shaw of Persia

SULTAN SELIM I, From a Letter to Shah Ismail of Persia (1514)

17-2 An Ottoman Admiral at Mughal Court

SIDI ALI REIS, From The Mirror of Countries (1557)

17-3 Sociability in the Imperial Harem

Feast for the Valide Sultana with the presence of Madame Girardin, the French ambassador (c. 17th century)

17-4 Women in Courts of Law in an Ottoman City

From The Sharia Court of Anatolian Kayseri (c. 17^th century)

17-5 A Mughul Emperor Describes His Life and Rule

NURUDDIN SALIM JAHANGIR, From the Memoirs of Jahangir (ca. 1580–1600)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

18-1 Secular and Religious Authority in the Protestant Reformation

LUTHER, "On Secular Authority: How Far Does the Obedience Owed to It Extend?" (1523)

18-2 God’s Lieutenants on Earth

JACQUES-BENIGNE BOSSUET, On Divine Right (ca. 1675–1680)

18-3 Government and the State of Nature

JOHN LOCKE, From Two Treatises of Government: Of the Ends of Political Society and Government (1690)

18-4 A Depiction of Diplomatic Exchange

JASPER BECX, Don Miguel de Castro, Emissary of Kongo (ca. 1643)

18-5 A Tsar Imposes Western Styles on the Russians

PETER THE GREAT, Edicts and Decrees (1699-1723)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

19-1 Praise for the Experimental Method

ROBERT HOOKE, Micrographia (1665)

19-2 Questioning the Experimental Method

MARGARET CAVENDISH, Observations upon Experimental Philosophy (1666)

19-3 Science Outside the West

Takyuddin and Other Astronomers at the Galata Observatory (ca. 1581)

19-4 Faith Without Dogma

VOLTAIRE, From Dictionnaire Philosophique: "Theist" (1764)

19-5 Kant Challenges His Society to Embrace Reason

IMMANUEL KANT, What is Enlightenment? (1784)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

20-1 A Dutch View of an African King

OLFERT DAPPER, King Alvaro I of Kongo Receiving the Dutch Ambassadors (1668)

20-2 West African Dependence on the Slave Trade

OSEI BONSU, An Asante King Questions British Motives in Ending the Slave Trade (1820)

20-3 The Terror of Capture and Enslavement

OLAUDAH EQUIANO, From The Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano (1789)

20-4 Enslaved Africans March to the Sea

Transportation of Slaves in Africa (ca. 1800-1900)

20-5 Europeans Move Inland

MUNGO PARK, From Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa (1799)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

21-1 The Growing British Presence in East Asia

The Viceroy of Canton Giving an Audience to Commodore Anson (1748)

21-2 A German Doctor Describes Eighteenth-Century Japan

ENGELBERT KAEMPFER, From History of Japan (1727)

21-3 Teaching Values to Japanese Children

KAIBARA EKIKEN AND KAIBARA TŌKEN, Common Sense Teachings for Japanese Children and Greater Learning for Women (ca. 1700)

21-4 Pleasure and Gender in Tokugawa Edo

TORII KIYONAGA, Women of the Gay Quarters (Late Eighteenth Century)

21-5 Chinese Gender Norms Turned Upside Down

LI RUZHEN (LI JU-CHEN), From Flowers in the Mirror (1827)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

22-1 The National Assembly Presents a New Vision of Government

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)

22-2 A Female Author Revises the Declaration of the Rights of Man

OLYMPE DE GOUGES, From the Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791)

22-3 Robespierre Justifies Terror as a Tool of Revolutionary Change

MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE, Revolutionary Speech (February 5, 1794)

22-4 A Former Slave Calls on France to Support the Cause of Freedom

FRANÇOIS DOMINIQUE TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE, Letter to the French National Assembly (1797)

22-5 Declaring Freedom from Colonial Control

JOSÉ MARÍA MORELOS Y PAVÓN, "Sentiments of the Nation" (1813)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

23-1 A Mill Owner Describes the Human Costs of Industrialization

ROBERT OWEN, From Observations on the Effect of the Manufacturing System (1815)

23-2 Child Labor in Industrial Britain

SADLER COMMITTEE AND ASHLEY COMMISSION, Testimonies Before Parliamentary Committees on Working Conditions in England (1832, 1842)

23-3 Britain Forces the Ottoman Empire to Make Economic Concessions

The Treaty of Balta-Liman (August 16, 1838)

23-4 The Role of Working-Class Women

FLORA TRISTAN, The Workers’ Union (1843)

23-5 Spreading Stories of the Industrial Revolution

James Watt, c. 1890 (ca. 1890)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

24-1 Marx and Engels Predict the Coming of a New Social Order

KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICH ENGELS, From The Communist Manifesto (1848)

24-2 Fichte Imagines a Future Germany

JOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE, Address to the German Nation (1808)

24-3 Nordau Calls on Jews to Forge Their Own Nation

MAX NORDAU, On Zionism (1905)

24-4 Embodying the French Nation

EUGÈNE DELACROIX, Liberty Leading the People (1830)

24-5 Survival of the Fittest in Human Society

HERBERT SPENCER, Social Statistics (1850)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

25-1 Ottoman Reform from the Top Down

SULTAN ABDUL MEJID, Imperial Rescript (1856)

25-2 Cecil Rhodes Dreams of Global Domination

CECIL RHODES, From Confession of Faith (ca. 1877)

25-3 A First-Hand Account of Imperial Conquest

NDANSI KUMALO, On the British Incursion in Zimbabwe (1932)

25-4 The Law as a Form of Resistance

JOHN MENSA SARBAH, Fanti Customary Law (1897)

25-5 The Brutality of Colonial Rule

ROGER CASEMENT AND DAVID ENGOHAHE, Victims of Belgian Congo Atrocities (ca. 1904-1905)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

26-1 A Chinese Official Denounces the British Opium Trade

LIN ZEXU, From a Letter to Queen Victoria (1839)

26-2 A Woodblock Print depicts Japan’s Modernization

26-3 Japan Embraces the West

OKUMA SHIGENOBU, Fifty Years of New Japan (1909)

26-4 Gandhi Rejects British "Civilization"

MOHANDAS GANDHI, "Indian Home Rule" (1909)

26-5 Sun Yatsen Calls on China to Take its Rightful Place in the World

SUN YATSEN, On the Three People’s Principles and the Future of the Chinese People (1906)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

27-1 Bolivar Identifies the Challenges Latin America Faces

SIMÓN BOLÍVAR, Jamaica Letter (1815)

27-2 Mary Seacole Reflects on Race and Class in the Americas

MARY SEACOLE, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands (1857)

27-3 Angelina Grimke Explains the Fundamental Principle of Abolitionism

ANGELINA GRIMKE, Letters to Catherine E. Beecher (1838)

27-4 A Slave Dealer Explains His Craft

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, From Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

27-5 Argentina’s Conquest and Displacement of Indigenous Peoples

JUAN MANUEL BLANES, Military Occupation of the Black River During the Expedition of General Julio A. Roca (1889)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

28-1 Life at Home and on the Battlefield

Correspondence of Evelyn and Fred Albright (1917)

28-2 War Brings Revolution to Russia

VLADIMIR ILYICH LENIN, All Power to the Soviets! (1917)

28-3 War and Peace from a Japanese Perspective

KONOE FUMIMARO, Against a Pacifism Centered on England and America (1918)

28-4 Germany Protests the Terms of Peace

GERMAN DELEGATION TO THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, On the Conditions of Peace (October 1919)

28-5 The Demilitarization of Germany Provisions in the Treaty of Versailles

Plane Scrapping (ca. 1919)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

29-1 An Eyewitness to Genocide

MARY L. GRAFFAM, An Account of Turkish Violence Against Armenians (1915)

29-2 The British Government Supports a Jewish State in Palestine

ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR, Debating the Balfour Declaration (1917)

29-3 An Indian Nationalist Condemns the British Government

SAROJINI NAIDU, The Agony and Shame of the Punjab (1920)

29-4 A Chinese Nationalist Offers a Recipe for Progress

JIANG JIESHI, The New Life Movement (1934)

29-5 The Japanese Puppet Empire of Manchuria (Manchukuo)

Manukuo Emperor Aisin-Gioro Puyi Visits Japan (1940)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

30-1 The Great Depression, London, 1930

One Man Demo (1930)

30-2 Legislating Racial Purity

The Nuremberg Laws: The Centerpiece of Nazi Racial Legislation (1935)

30-3 The Place of Women in Stalin’s Soviet Union

Letters to Izvestiya: On the Issue of Abortion (1936)

30-4 Truman Describes the Creation and Use of Nuclear Weapons

HARRY S. TRUMAN, White House Press Release on Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)

30-5 The Impact of a Nuclear Weapon

TOSHIKO SAEKI, Interview with a Survivor of Hiroshima (1986)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

31-1 An Iron Curtain Descends

WINSTON CHURCHILL, "Sinews of Peace" Speech (March 5, 1946)

31-2 The Truman Doctrine

PRESIDENT HARRY S. TRUMAN, Speech to Congress (March 12, 1947)

31-3 The United Nations Calls for an End to the Age of Empires

UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (December 14, 1960)

31-4 The Challenges of Neo-Colonialism and Equitable Development

INDIRA GANDHI, Address to the Fourth Congress of Non-Aligned Countries in Algiers (1973)

31-5 Revolutionary Brothers in Arms

Erich Honecker and Fidel Castro (1974)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

32-1 Remembering Argentina’s "Dirty War"

Museo de la Memoria, Cordoba, Argentina (ca. 2000)

32-2 The South African Government Justifies Apartheid

NATIONAL PARTY OF SOUTH AFRICA, The National Party’s Color Policy (March 29, 1948)

32-3 Mandela Explains the Need for Armed Struggle Against Apartheid

NELSON MANDELA, The Rivonia Trial Speech to the Court (April 20, 1964)

32-4 Economic Change and Women’s Roles in China

WANG XINGJUAN, Interview for the Global Feminisms Project (2004)

32-5 Building a Meaningful Life in Contemporary Japan

MALE JAPANESE CITIZENS, "Ikigai" (2003)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS

33-1 Defining and Defending Torture

JOHN YOO, Memoranda Regarding U.S. Military Interrogations (2002, 2003)

33-2 A Management Expert Explains How to Make Guest Workers Feel Welcome

GIACOMO MATURI, The Integration of the Southern Labor Force and its Specific Adaptation Problems (1961)

33-3 German Academics Take a Stand Against Immigration

Heidelberg Manifesto (1982)

33-4 Glaciers as Evidence of Climate Change

Greenland: A Laboratory For the Symptoms of Global Warming (July 17, 2013)

33-5 A Generational Rift on Climate Change

GRETA THUNBERG, Address to the United Nations Climate Action Summit (2019)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS