Sources of The Making of the West, Volume I

Preface 
Introduction: Working with Historical Sources

CHAPTER 1 ​ ​Early Western Civilization, 4000–1000 b.c.e.
1. Defining Humanity: Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 2000 b.c.e.) 
2. Establishing Law and Justice: King Hammurabi, The Code of Hammurabi (Early Eighteenth Century b.c.e.) 
3. Praising the One God: Hymn to the Aten (Fourteenth Century b.c.e.)
4. Sources in Conversation: Writing in Life and the Afterlife: Agricultural scenes, Tomb of Nakhut, (c. 1400-1390 b.c.e.) and Egyptian Scribal Exercise Book (Twelfth Century b.c.e.)
5. Allying for Peace: The “Eternal Treaty” between the Egyptians and Hittites (c. 1259 b.c.e.)
 
CHAPTER 2 ​ ​Empires in the Near East and the Reemergence of Civilization in Greece, 1000–500 b.c.e. 
1. Empires and Divine Right: Inscription Honoring Cyrus, King of Persia (r. c. 557–530 b.c.e.) 
2. Monotheism and Mosaic Law: The Book of Exodus, Chapters 19–20 (c. Tenth–Sixth Centuries b.c.e.) 
3. Concepts of Civilization: Homer, The Odyssey (Eighth Century b.c.e.)
4. Sources in Conversation: Two Visions of the City-State: Tyrtaeus of Sparta and Solon of Athens, Poems (Seventh–Sixth Centuries b.c.e.) 
5. Representations of Difference: Greek Janiform Flask (c. 520-510 B.C.E.)
6. Economics and the Expansion of Slavery: Xenophon, Revenues (Fourth Century b.c.e.)

CHAPTER 3 ​ ​The Greek Golden Age, c. 500–c. 400 b.c.e.
1. The Golden Age of Athens: Thucydides, The Funeral Oration of Pericles (429 b.c.e.) 
2. Sources in Conversation: Movement in Stone: Myron of Eleutherai, Discus Thrower (c. 450 b.c.e.) and Atalanta (c. 300-200 B.C.E.) 
3. The Emergence of Philosophy: Plato, The Apology of Socrates (399 b.c.e.) 
4. The Advance of Science: Hippocrates of Cos, On the Sacred Disease (400 b.c.e.) 
5. Human Commodities: Auction of confiscated slaves (c. 414 B.C.E.)
6. Domestic Boundaries: Euphiletus, A Husband Speaks in His Own Defense (c. 400 b.c.e.) and Overhead Views of a House on the North Slope of the Areopagus (Fifth Century b.c.e.) 
7. Protesting War, Performing Satire: Aristophanes, Lysistrata (411 b.c.e.) 

CHAPTER 4 ​ ​From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, 400–30 b.c.e.
1. The Conquest of New Lands: Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander the Great (Fourth Century b.c.e.) 
2. Imperial Bureaucracy: Zeno, Egyptian Official, Records (259–250 b.c.e.) 
3. Everyday Life: Funerary Inscriptions and Epitaphs (Fifth–First Centuries b.c.e.) 
4. Sources in Conversation: Modelling Femininity: Terracotta figurines (Second to Third Century B.C.E.)
5. In Pursuit of Happiness: Epicurus, Letter to a Friend (Late Third Century b.c.e.) 
6. Exacting Science: Archimedes, Letter to Eratosthenes (Third Century b.c.e.) and Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, Archimedes’ “Eureka!” Moment (c. 30–20 b.c.e.)
 
CHAPTER 5 ​ ​The Rise of Rome and Its Republic, 753–44 b.c.e. 
1. Formalizing Roman Law: The Twelve Tables (451–449 b.c.e.) 
2. Sources in Conversation: Artistic Influences: Etruscan Statuette of a Rider (c. 434–400 b.c.e.) and Roman Bust of Lucius Junius Brutus (c. 300 b.c.e.) 
3. Status and Discrimination: Roman Women Demonstrate against the Oppian Law (195 b.c.e.) 
4. “Cultivating Humanity”: Cicero, In Defense of Archias  (62 B.C.E.) 
5. Failure and Factionalism: The Gracchan Reforms (133 b.c.e.)
6. Toward Empire: Julius Caesar, The Gallic War (52 b.c.e.) 

CHAPTER 6 ​ ​The Creation of the Roman Empire, 44 b.c.e.–284 c.e. 
1. An Empire Foretold: Virgil, The Aeneid (First Century b.c.e.) 
2. An Urban Empire: Notices and Graffiti Describe Life in Pompeii (First Century c.e.) 
3. New Influences to the North: Tacitus, Germania (c. 98 c.e.) 
4. Sources in Conversation: The Making of a New Religion: The Gospel According to Matthew: The Sermon on the Mount (28 C.E.) and Paul of Tarsus, Letter to the Galatians (c. 50-60 C.E.)
5. Deadly Beliefs: The Martyrdom of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas (203 C.E.)
6. Private Piety: Household shrine, Pompeii (first century C.E.)

CHAPTER 7 ​ ​The Transformation of the Roman Empire, 284–600 c.e. 
1. Sources in Conversation: The Establishment of Roman Christian Doctrine: Arius, Letter to Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria (c. 320 c.e.) and The Nicene Creed (325 c.e.) 
2. The Struggle of Conversion: Augustine of Hippo, Confessions (c. 397) 
3. The Development of Monasticism: Benedict of Nursia, The Rule of Saint Benedict (c. 540) 
4. Community Worship: The Torah niche, Dura-Europos synagogue (c. 244-245 C.E.)
5. Germanic Law in the Roman Empire: The Burgundian Code (c. 475–525 c.e.) 
6. Emergence of Byzantium: Procopius, Secret History (550 c.e.)

CHAPTER 8 ​ ​The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe, 600–750 
1. The Foundations of Islam: Qur’an, Suras 1, 53, 98 (c. 610–632) 
2. Jihad and Jizya: Islamic Terms of Peace (633–643) 
3. Byzantine Life: The Life of St. Theodore of Sykeon (Early Seventh Century) 
4. A Noblewoman’s Life: The Life of Lady Balthild, Queen of the Franks (Late Seventh Century) 
5. Roman Christian Missions: Pope Gregory the Great, Letters (598–601) 
6. Sources in Conversation: Warrior Kings: Helmet fragment from Sutton Hoo, (Early seventh century C.E.) and Beowulf (c. mid-seventh-late tenth century)

CHAPTER 9 ​ ​From Centralization to Fragmentation, 750–1050 
1. The Rule of Charlemagne: General Capitulary for the Missi (802) 
2. Sources in Conversation: Conflicting Views of Byzantium: The Paris Psalter (c. 950) and Liutprand of Cremona, Report to Otto I (968) 
3. A New Islamic Dynasty: Ahmad al-Ya‘qūbī, Kitāb al-buldān (Ninth Century) 
4. Advances in Medicine: Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakarīyū Al-rāzī, A Treatise on the Small-Pox and Measles (c. 910) 
5. The Faithful Vassal: Fulbert of Chartres, Letter to William of Aquitaine (1020)
 
CHAPTER 10 ​ ​Commercial Quickening and Religious Reform, 1050–1150
1. Medieval Business: Commenda Contracts (Eleventh–Twelfth Centuries) 
2. Sources in Conversation: Sources of the Investiture Conflict: Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII, Letter and Excommunication (1076) 
3. Calling the First Crusade: Fulcher of Chartres, Pope Urban II’s Speech at Clermont (1095) 
4. Arab Response to the First Crusade: Ibn al-Athīr, A Muslim Perspective (1097–1099) 
5. The Power of William I: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1085–1086) and Domesday Book (1086–1087) 
6. Living Close to the Land: Labors of the Month, Zodiac Column, Souvigny Priory, mid twelfth century

CHAPTER 11 ​ ​The Flowering of the Middle Ages, 1150–1215 
1. New Learning: Peter Abelard, The Story of My Misfortunes (c. 1132) 
2. Scholarly Pursuits and Youthful Frolics: Royal Decrees of Special Privileges for Students and Student Letters (Twelfth–Early Thirteenth Centuries) 
3. Courtly Love: Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart (c. 1170s) 
4. Early Bankers: Money Changers Window Panel, Chartres Cathedral (early thirteenth century)
5. Franciscan Piety: St. Francis and St. Clare of Assisi, Selected Writings (Thirteenth Century) 
6. The Sack of Constantinople: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs (1204)
 
CHAPTER 12 ​ ​The Medieval Synthesis — and Its Cracks, 1215–1340
1. Reconciling Faith and Reason: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae (1273) 
2. A Female Mystic: Hadewijch of Brabant, Letters and Poems (1220–1240) 
3. Defining Outsiders: Thomas of Monmouth, The Life and Martyrdom of St. William of Norwich (c. 1173) 
4. Imagining Hell: Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy (1313–1321) 
5. Sources in Conversation: The New Power of Medieval States: Pope Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam (1302) and King Philip IV of France, General Assembly of Paris (1303) 
6. Centering the World: Hereford World Map (c. 1290-1300)

CHAPTER 13 ​ ​Crisis and Renaissance, 1340–1492 
1. Demographic Catastrophe: The Black Death (Fourteenth Century) 
2. Crisis and Change: Jean Froissart on the Jacquerie (1358)
3. Satirizing the Church: Geoffrey Chaucer, The Pardoner’s Prologue (1387–1400) 
4. Preaching Reform: Jan Hus, Letters (1408–1415) 
5. Extolling Humanism: Giovanni Rucellai and Leonardo Bruni, Florence in the Quattrocento (1427 and 1457) 
6. Women’s Place in Renaissance Italy: Alessandra, Letters from a Widow and Matriarch of a Great Family (1450–1465) 
7. Sources in Conversation: Artistic Innovation: Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Double Portrait (1434) and Bartolommeo Fazio, On Famous Men (1456)

CHAPTER 14 ​ ​ Global Encounters and the Shock of the Reformation, 1492–1560 
1. Worlds Collide: Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain (c. 1567) 
2. Illustrating a Native Perspective: Lienzo de Tlaxcala (c. 1560) 000
3. Defending Native Humanity: Bartolomé de Las Casas, In Defense of the Indians (c. 1548–1550) 
4. Scripture and Salvation: Martin Luther, Freedom of a Christian (1520) 
5. Sources in Conversation: Reforming Christianity: John Calvin, Ordinances for the Regulation of Churches (1547), and Registers of Constitory of Geneva (1542–1543)
6. Responding to Reformation: St. Ignatius of Loyola, A New Kind of Catholicism (1546, 1549, 1553)
 
CHAPTER 15 ​ ​Wars of Religion and Clash of Worldviews, 1560–1648 
1. Legislating Tolerance: Henry IV, Edict of Nantes (1598) 
2. Barbarians All: Michel de Montaigne, Of Cannibals (1580s)
3. Defending Religious Liberty: Apology of the Bohemian Estates (May 25, 1618) 
4. Codifying Poverty: City of Norwich Poor Rolls (1570)
5. The Scientific Challenge: Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615) 
6. Sources in Conversation: The Persecution of Witches: The Witch of Newbury (1643) and The Trial of Suzanne Gaudry (1652) 

CHAPTER 16 ​ ​Absolutism, Constitutionalism, and the Search for Order, 1640–1715 
1. The Sun King: Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Saint-Simon, Memoirs (1694–1723) 
2. Sources in Conversation: Regime Change: The Trial of Charles I and The Confession of Richard Brandon the Hangman (1649) 
3. Civil War and Social Contract: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651) 
4. The Consent of the Governed: John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government (1690) 
5. Opposing Serfdom: Ludwig Fabritius, The Revolt of Stenka Razin (1670) 
6. Genre Painting: Pieter Bruegel the Younger, A Village Kermis (1628)

CHAPTER 17 ​ ​The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1700–1750 
1. Captivity and Enslavement: Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Written by Himself (1789) 
2. Sources in Conversation A “Sober and Wholesome Drink”: A Brief Description of the Excellent Vertues of That Sober and Wholesome Drink, Called Coffee (1674) and The Coffee House Mob (1710) 
3. A Domestic Drink: Richard Collins, “A Family at Tea” (c. 1726)
4. Westernizing Russian Culture: Peter I, Decrees and Statutes (1701–1723) 
5. Early Enlightenment: Voltaire, Letters concerning the English Nation (1733) 
6. Questioning Women’s Submission: Mary Astell, Reflections upon Marriage (1706)