Real Reading and Writing

1 Understand Reading, Writing, and Critical Thinking

FOUR BASICS OF READING AND WRITING

First Basic: Follow a Thoughtful Process

Reading and Writing: Closely Linked Processes

Four Habits of Critical Thinkers

Second Basic: Pay Attention to Context— the Audience, Purpose, and Topic

Third Basic: Writers Make and Support a Point, and Readers Identify the Point and Supporting Details

Fourth Basic: Organize Support Effectively and Identify Organizational Patterns

Grammar, Spelling, and Vocabulary

The Four Basics: Put It All Together

Chapter Reading: Rachel Carter, "I write Young Adult Essays, and I Refuse to Apologize for It"

Chapter Review

Make Connections: Find the Context

Preview to Identify Ideas

FOUR BASICS OF PREVIEWING

First Basic: Finding Audience, Purpose, and Topic

Second Basic: Finding a Personal Context

Third Basic: Asking Guiding Questions

Fourth Basic: Predicting Patterns of Organization

Prewrite to Find Ideas

FOUR BASICS OF PREWRITING

First Basic: Finding Audience, Purpose, and Topic

Second Basic: Narrowing Topics

Third Basic: Practicing Invention Strategies

Fourth Basic: Asking Guiding Questions

Chapter Reading: Barbara DeMarco-Barrett, "Set Your Writing Free: Use This Technique to Spark Creativity and Loosen Your Inhibitions"

Chapter Review

3 Read Well: Annotate to Understand Text

Practice Close Reading

The Four Basics of Annotation

FOUR BASICS OF ANNOTATION

First Basic: Pay Attention to Vocabulary

Second Basic: Find the Main Point

Third Basic: Identify Support and Method of Organization

Fourth Basic: Ask Questions and Make Connections

Reading: Taylor Mali, "Making Kids Work Hard" from What Teachers Make 0

Chapter Reading: Carl Honoré, "In Praise of Slow Thinking"

Chapter Review

Drafting

FOUR BASICS OF THE DRAFTING PROCESS

First Basic: Identify a Preliminary Main Point

Consider the Size of the Assignment

State a Single Main Point or Position about a Topic

Be Specific

Choose a Point You Can illustrate, Explain, or Prove

Second Basic: Generate Support for Your Main Point

Select the Best Primary Support

Third Basic: Arrange Support for Your Main Point

Planning Paragraphs

Planning Support in an Essay: Mapping and Outlining

Fourth Basic: Write an Introduction and a Conclusion

Writing an Introduction

Writing a Conclusion

Relationship between Paragraphs and Essays

A Complete Draft

Chapter Reading: Gail Godwin, "The Watcher at the Gates"

Chapter Review

Finish Well When Reading: Review, Reflect, and Respond

Reviewing

Reflecting and Responding

Finish Well When Writing: Revise and Edit

Revise Your Writing

FOUR BASICS OF REVISION

First Basic: Ensure Your Writing is Unified

Second Basic: Make Sure Your Writing is Well-Developed

Third Basic: Make Sure Your Writing is Coherent Checklist: Revising Your Writing

Fourth Basic: Use Peer Review to Obtain A Readers Perspective Checklist: Questions for Peer Reviewers

Final Tips for Revising Your Writing Checklist: Evaluating Your Revised Essay

Editing Your Writing

FOUR BASICS OF EDITING

Chapter Reading: Donald M. Murray, "The Maker’s Eye"

Chapter Review

Recognize Assumptions

Make Inferences

Inferring an Implied Main Idea

Identify the Writer’s Tone

Writing in Your Own Words: Paraphrasing

Reading and Writing Together: Summaries

FOUR BASICS OF A GOOD SUMMARY

Reading to Write a Summary: The Process

Drafting a Summary

Revising a Summary

Chapter Review

Understand What Narration Is

FOUR BASICS OF A GOOD NARRATION

Narration in the Classroom: Timelines

First Basic: Main Point in Narration

Second Basic: Major Events

Third Basic: Descriptive Details

Dialogue in Narration

Using Graphic Organizers to Identify Support

Fourth Basic: Organization in Narration

Readand WritE Narration: Analyze and Respond

Student Narratives Dora Garcia, "Beowulf and Me" Lauren Mack, "Gel Pens"

Read and Analyze Professional Narratives Amy Tan, "Fish Cheeks"

Paraphrase

Writing Strategies in Action: Descriptive Details

Explore Grammar: Simple Sentences Pat Conroy, "Chili Cheese Dogs, My Father, and Me"

Summarize

Writing Strategies in Action: Dialogue

Build Vocabulary: Descriptive Words

Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Narration Checklist: Writing a Narration

Understand What Illustration Is

FOUR BASICS OF GOOD ILLUSTRATION

Illustration in the Classroom: Résumés

First Basic: Main Point in Illustration

Second Basic: Choosing Appropriate Examples

Third Basic: Adding Specific Details

Using Proper Nouns

Incorporating Quotes

Devising Hypothetical Examples

Using a Graphic Organizer

Fourth Basic: Organization in Illustration

Read and Write Illustration: Analyze and Respond

Student Illustration Inez King, "Empathy" James Carnill, "You"

Read and Analyze Professional Illustration Susan Adams, "The Weirdest Job Interview Questions and How to Handle Them"

Summarize

Writing Strategies in Action: Hypothetical Examples

Build Vocabulary: The Language of Specificity Dianne Hales, "Why Are We So Angry?"

Paraphrase

Writing Strategies in Action: Provide Credentials and Quote Experts

Explore Grammar: Commas after Introductory Dependent Clauses

Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Illustration Checklist: Writing an Illustration

Understand What Process Analysis Is

FOUR BASICS OF GOOD PROCESS ANALYSIS

Process Analysis in the Classroom: Diagramming a Sequence of Steps

First Basic: Main Point in Process Analysis

Second Basic: Identifying or Introducing Steps

Third Basic: Explaining and Supporting Steps

Using a Graphic Organizer to Identify Support

Fourth Basic: Organization in Process Analysis

Read and Write Process Analysis: Analyze and Respond

Student Process Analysis Ibrahim Alfaqeeh, "Weddings in Saudi Arabia" Jasen Beverly, "My Pilgrimage"

Professional Process Analysis Tara Parker-Pope, "How to Boost Your Willpower"

Paraphrase

Writing Strategies in Action: Introducs Steps Clearly

Explore Grammar: Active and Passive Verbs Samantha Levine-Finley, "Isn’t It Time You Hit the Books?"

Summarize

Writing Strategies in Action: Audience Awareness

Explore Grammar: Commas and Appositives

Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Process AnalysisChecklist: Writing a Process Analysis

Understand What Classification Is

FOUR BASICS OF GOOD CLASSIFICATION

Classification in the Classroom: Learning Specialized Words by Using Categories

First Basic: Main Point, Purpose, and Organizing Principles in Classification

Using a Colon in a Classification Thesis Statement

Second Basic: Major Support in Classification

Third Basic: Details in Classification

Consistent Structure

Using a Graphic Organizer

Fourth Basic: Organization in Classification

Read and Write Classification: Analyze and Respond

Student Classification Lorenza Mattazi, All My MusicBeth Trimmer, Birth Order

Stephanie Ericsson, "The Ways We Lie"

Paraphrase

Writing Strategies in Action: Use Consistent Structure

Explore Grammar: Parallel Structure Carolyn Foster Segal, "The Dog Ate My Flash Drive, and Other Tales of Woe"

Summarize

Build Vocabulary: Tone

Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Classification Checklist: Writing a Classification

Understand What Comparison and Contrast Are

FOUR BASICS OF GOOD COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

Comparison and Contrast in the Classroom: Reviewing for a Test

Reading Comparison and Contrast

Comparison and Contrast in the Classroom: Reviewing for a Test

First Basic: Main Point in Comparison and Contrast

Second Basic: Major Support in Comparison and Contrast

Third Basic: Develop Points of Comparisoon or Contrast wiuth Details

Using a Graphic Organizer

Fourth Basic: Organization in Comparison and Contrast

Read and Write Comparison and Contrast: Analyze and Respond

Student Comparison and Contrast Said Ibrahim, "Eyeglasses vs. Laser Surgery: Benefits and Drawbacks"

Rui Dai, "A Whiff of Memory"

Professional Comparison and Contrast Dave Barry, "The Ugly Truth about Beauty"

Summarize

Writing Strategies in Action: A Tone of Comic Exaggeration

Explore Grammar: Using Quotes Within Quotes Judith Ortiz Cofer, "The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria"

Paraphrase

Writing Strategies in Action: Use Demonstrative Words to Create Cohesion

Build Vocabulary: Recognize Borrowed Words and Proper Names

Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Comparison and Contrast Checklist: Writing a Comparison and Contrast

Understand What Cause and Effect Are

FOUR BASICS OF GOOD CAUSE AND EFFECT

Cause and Effect in the Classroom: Using Diagrams to Show a Chain of Events

Reading Cause and Effect

First Basic: Main Point in Cause and Effect

Second Basic: Identifying Causes and Effects

Avoid Logical Fallacies: Post Hoc and Slippery Slope

Third Basic: Supporting Details in Cause and Effect

Fourth Basic: Organization in Cause and Effect

Read and Write Cause and Effect: Analyze and Respond

Caitlyn Prokop, "A Difficult Decision with a Positive Outcome"

Tyler Dashner, "A Look at Academic Dishonesty"

Professional Cause and Effect

John Tierney, "Yes, Money Can Buy Happiness"

Summarize

Writing Strategies in Action: Vary Use of Quotes

Explore Grammar: Use By-Modifiers Correctly

Steven Pinker, "Are Your Genes to Blame?"

Writing Strategies in Action: Vary Use of Quotes

Paraphrase

Build Vocabulary: Prefixes

Build Vocabulary: Affect and Effect

Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Cause and Effect EssayChecklist: Writing a Cause and Effect Essay

Understand What Argument Is

FOUR BASICS OF GOOD ARGUMENT

Argument in the Classroom: Online Discussions

First Basic: Main Point in Argument

Second Basic: Identifying and Writing Support in Argument

Identifying Reasons and Questioning Assumptions

Recognizing Different Types of Evidence

Evaluating the Evidence

Third Basic: Consider and Respond to Different Points of View

Fourth Basic: Organization in Argument

Paragraphs vs. Essays in Argument

Read and Write Argument: Analyze and Respond

Student Arguments Jason Yilmaz, "A Learning Tool Whose Time Has Come"Shari Beck, "’No’ to Social Media in Education"

Professional Arguments Joanne Orlando, "Is Two Hours of Screen Time Really Too Much for Kids?"

Summarize

Writing Strategies in Action: Consider Opposing Points of View and Offer Alternatives

Explore Grammar: Brigitte Vittrup, "Why It’s Wrong for Pediatricians to Eliminate Daily Screen Time Recommendations"

Summarize

Writing Strategies in Action: Using Qualifiers to Avoid Overgeneralizations

Build Vocabulary: Compound Adjectives

Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Argument Checklist: Writing an Argument

Understand What Research Is

FOUR BASICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

Steps in the Research Process

First Basic: Begin with a Question

Second Basic: Find Appropriate Sources

Consult a Reference Librarian

Use the Online Catalog

Look at Your Library’s Web Site

Use the Internet

Interview People

Third Basic: Evaluate and Synthesize Sources

Synthesize Information to Support a Thesis Statement

Fourth Basic: Cite and Document Sources to Avoid Plagiarism

Take Accurate Notes

Use MLA Format to Cite and Document Sources

Use In-Text Citations within Your Essay

Use a Works Cited List at the End of Your Essay

Read and Write Research: Analyze and Respond

Student Research Essay

Dara Riesler, "Service Dogs Help Heal the Mental Wounds of War"

Rodrigo Villagomez, "The Designer Player"

Summarize

Writing Skills in Action: Paraphrase and Quotation in a Research Essay

Writing Skills in Action: Consider Audience and Source Selection

Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Research Paper Checklist: Writing a Research Essay

The Parts of Speech

The Basic Sentence

Verbs

Subjects

Completeness

Six Basic English Sentence Patterns

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Understand What Fragments Are

Language and Writing

Find and Correct Fragments

1. Fragments That Start with Prepositions

2. Fragments That Start with Dependent Words

3. Fragments That Start with -ing Verb Forms

4. Fragments That Start with To and a Verb

5. Fragments That Are Examples or Explanations

Edit for Fragments

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Finding and Fixing Fragments

Understand What Run-Ons Are

In the Real World, Why Is It Important to Correct Run-Ons?

Find and Correct Run-Ons

Add a Period

Add a Semicolon

Add a Semicolon, a Conjunctive Adverbial, and a Comma

Add a Comma and a Coordinating Conjunction

Add a Dependent Word

Special Considerations: Two Situations That Cause Run-Ons

The Word Then

Introducing a Quotation

Edit for Run-Ons

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Finding and Fixing Run-Ons

Understand What Subject-Verb Agreement Is

In the Real World, Why Is It Important to Correct Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement?

Find and Correct Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement

1. The Verb Is a Form of Be, Have, or Do

2. Words Come between the Subject and the Verb

3. The Sentence Has a Compound Subject

4. The Subject Is an Indefinite Pronoun

5. The Verb Comes before the Subject

Subject-Verb Agreement in Partial Quotations

Edit for Subject-Verb Agreement

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Finding and Fixing Problems with Subject-Verb Agreement

Understand What Verb Tense Is

In the Real World, Why Is It Important to Use the Correct Verb Tense?

Use Verbs Correctly

Regular Verbs

Irregular Verbs

Perfect Tenses and Past Participles

Passive Voice and Past Participles

Consistency of Verb Tense

Edit for Verb Problems

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Finding and Fixing Verb-Tense Errors

Understand What Pronouns Are

Use Pronouns Correctly

Identify Pronouns

Check for Pronoun Agreement

Make Pronoun Reference Clear

Use the Right Type of Pronoun

Make Pronouns Consistent in Person

Edit for Pronoun Problems

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Finding and Fixing Pronoun Problems

Understand What Adjectives and Adverbs Are

Use Adjectives and Adverbs Correctly

Choosing between Adjectives and Adverbs

Using Adjectives and Adverbs in Comparisons

Using Good, Well, Bad, and Badly Edit for Adjective and Adverb Problems

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Editing for Correct Usage of Adjectives and Adverbs

Understand What Misplaced Modifiers Are

Find and Correct Misplaced Modifiers

Understand What Dangling Modifiers Are

Find Correct Dangling Modifiers

Edit for Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Editing for Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

Understand What Parallelism Is

Write Parallel Sentences

Parallelism in Pairs and Lists

Parallelism in Comparisons

Parallelism with Certain Paired Words

Edit for Parallelism Problems

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Editing for Parallelism

Understand What Sentence Variety Is

Create Sentence Variety

Join Ideas Together to Lengthen Sentences: Coordination

Join Ideas Together: Subordination

Other Ways to Join Ideas

Join Ideas Using an -ing Verb

Join Ideas Using a Past Participle

Join Ideas Using an Appositive

Join Ideas Using an Adjective Clause

Strategies for Changing Sentence Opener

Start Some Sentences with Adverbs

Start Some Sentences with Prepositions or Infinitives

Edit for Sentence Variety

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Editing for Sentence Variety

Basic Sentence Patterns

Statements

Negatives

Questions There Is and There Are Pronouns

Confusing Subject and Object Pronouns

Confusing Gender

Leaving Out a Pronoun

Using a Pronoun to Repeat a Subject

Using Relative Pronouns

Verbs

The Simple Tenses

The Perfect Tenses

The Progressive Tenses

Modal (Helping) Verbs

Gerunds and Infinitives

Articles

Definite and Indefinite Articles

Count and Noncount Nouns

Prepositions

Prepositions after Adjectives

Prepositions after Verbs

Separable vs. Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

Edit for Preposition Problems

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Understand the Importance of Building Vocabulary and Choosing Words Carefully

Recognize Context Clues

Understand Word Parts

Use Dictionaries

Use Thesauruses

Avoiding Four Common Word-Choice Problems

Vague and Abstract Words

Slang

Wordy Language

Clichés

Edit for Word Choice

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Editing for Word Choice

Understand and Correct Spelling Mistakes

Use a Dictionary

Use a Spell Checker—with Caution

Use Proofreading Techniques

Make a Personal Spelling List

Strategies for Becoming a Better Speller

Master Commonly Confused Words

Learn Six Spelling Rules

Exceptions When Forming Plurals

Consult a List of Commonly Misspelled Words

Use Commonly Confused Words Correctly

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Understand What Commas Do

Use Commas Correctly

Commas between Items in a Series

Commas between Coordinate and Cumlative Adjectives

Commas in Compound Sentences

Commas after Introductory Words

Commas around Appositives and Interrupters

Commas around Adjective Clauses

Other Uses for Commas

Edit for Commas

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Understand What Apostrophes Do

Use Apostrophes Correctly

Apostrophes to Show Ownership

Apostrophes in Contractions

Apostrophes with Letters, Numbers, and Time

Edit for Apostrophes

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Understand What Quotation Marks Do

Use Quotation Marks Correctly

Quotation Marks for Direct Quotations

No Quotation Marks for Indirect Quotations

Quotation Marks for Certain Titles

Edit for Quotation Marks

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Understand What Punctuation Does

Use Other Punctuation Correctly

Semicolon ( ; )

Colon ( : )

Parentheses ( ( ) )

Dash ( -- )

Hyphen ( - )

Edit for Other Punctuation Marks

Chapter Review

Chapter Test

Understand Capitalization

Use the Three Rules of Capitalization

Capitalization of Sentences

Capitalization of Names of Specific People, Places, Dates, and Things

Capitalization of Titles 000

Chapter Review

Chapter Test