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Psychology of Sex and Gender
First Edition©2019 Susan Burns
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Gender Stereotype Threat – It’s a female issue, right?! Is Gendered Marketing Passé? Do Women Avoid Competition?
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CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Sex and Gender
Defining sex and gender
Controversial Issues: Is it legal to perform surgery an ‘unnecessary’ surgery on an intersex child? M. C. v. Aaronson.
Psychological and Historical Contexts
Schools of Psychology
Controversial Issues: Should parents decide what Halloween costumes children wear?
Feminism
Men’s Movements
Contemporary Understandings
EXPLORING THE TOPICs
Summary
Key Terms
Links and Logic
CHAPTER TWO: STUDYING SEX, GENDER, AND STEREOTYPES
SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF SEX AND GENDER
Qualitative Research Methodology
Case Studies
Ethnographic Studies
Interviews and Focus Groups
Quantitative Research Methodology
Experimental Design
Controversial Issues: "Let me tell you my trouble with girls."
Myth Buster: "Men Desire Sexy Partners, Women Desire Wealth."
Ex Post Facto Study
Correlational Research
Surveys
Controversial Issues: Are you convinced by numbers or stories?
potential bias in research
Decreasing Bias in Research
Statistical Significance vs. Practical Significance
Summary
Key Terms
Links and Logic
Chapter 3: Analyzing Gender Stereotypes
GENDER BELIEF SYSTEMS AND STEREOTYPES
History of Male and Female Stereotypes
Theoretical Approaches to Sex and Gender Stereotypes
Myth Buster: Women Avoid Competition
Controversial Issues/Questions: Is Gender Contextual?
The Stable, Yet Evolving Nature of Stereotypes Associated with Gender
Sex and Gender Stereotypes in the Media
MEASUREMENTS OF GENDER
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SEX STEREOTYPING
Prejudice, Discrimination, Sexism, and Harassment
Gender Role Strain and Conflict
Summary
Key Terms
Links and Logic
Chapter 4: Biological Foundations of Sex and Gender
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND HORMONE PRODUCTION
chromosomal influences on PRENATAL SEX DEVELOPMENT
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Controversial Issue: Too Male to Compete as a Woman?
Hormonal Abnormalities
Controversial Issue: The Infamous Case of John/Joan
Chromosomal Abnormalities and Sex Differentiation
Controversial Issue: Too Male to Compete as a Woman?
SEX DEVELOPMENT IN PUBERTY
HORMONE EFFECTS ON SEX DIFFERENCES THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN
Testosterone Effects
Estrogen and Progesterone Effects
Myth Buster: The Majority of Women Experience PMS
Oxytocin Effects
SEX DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN THE BRAIN
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
LINKS AND LOGIC
Chapter 5: Gender development
Psychoanalytic theories and gender development
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Controversial Issue: Freud’s Oedipus Complex – Sexual Fantasy or Child Molestation?
Feminist Neo-Freudian Theorists
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES
Family and Gender Socialization
Society and Gender Socialization
Controversial Issue: Is Gendered Marketing Passé?
Myth Buster: It’s all the media’s fault!
Cognitive Theories
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Gender Schema Theory
Controversial Issue: Feminist Parenting
Ethological Theories
THE TRUTH OF GENDER DEVELOPMENT
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
LINKS AND LOGIC
Chapter 6: IDENTITY AND EMOTION
IDENTITY
Early Gender Identity Development
Adolescent Gender Schemas
Gender Intensification
The Impact of Peers
Gender Nonconformity
Controversial Issue: Attention on Boys
EMOTION
Emotional Expression
Identification of Emotions
Myth Buster: Males are Void of Emotion
Anger
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
LINKS AND LOGIC
Chapter 7: Aggression and Violence
SEX DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSION
Aggression and Violence in Childhood and Adolescence
Aggression and Cultural Influences
Bullying
Cyberbullying
Controversial Issue: Just kill yourself
Violence in Adolescence
ADULT EXPRESSIONS OF VIOLENCE
Sexual Harassment
Intimate Partner Violence
Intimate Partner Violence in Same-Sex Relationships
Myth Buster: Women Are Inherently Nonviolent—Perspective from Conflict in Sierra Leone
Rape
GENDERED EXPLANATIONS OF VIOLENCE
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
LINKS AND LOGIC
Chapter 8: LANGUAGE AND COGNITION
SEX DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE
Sex Differences in Children’s Language Use
Sex Differences in Adolescents’ and Adults’ Language Use
Myth Buster: Women use way more words than men do!
GENDER INFLUENCES ON LANGUAGE
Controversial Issue: Moving Toward a Gender-Neutral or Third-Gender English Language
Cognition
Sex Differences in Cognitive Development in Childhood and Adolescence
Sex differences in Cognitive Development during Adulthood
GENERAL SEX DIFFERENCES IN COGNITION
Spatial Abilities
Mathematical Abilities
EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED SEX DIFFERENCES ON LANGUAGE AND COGNITION
Controversial Issue: Gender Stereotype Threat – It’s a female issue, right?!
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
LINKS AND LOGIC
Chapter 9: School
Sex and Gender Roles in preschool Settings
Self-Competence
Sex and Gender Roles Taught Through Play
SEX AND GENDER ROLES IN SCHOOL
Cultural Stereotypes Versus Math Ability in Girls
Stereotype Threat and Achievement in Boys
Culture and School Achievement
Controversial Issue: Attention on Boys
"Cool" Masculinity and School Achievement
SCHOOL CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING STUDENT PERFORMANCE
Teacher Effects
Single-Sex Schooling
Myth Buster: It’s a Brain Thing with Boys and Girls
STUDENT FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESS IN SCHOOL
Achievement Motivation
Fear of Success
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
LINKS AND LOGIC
Chapter 10: relationships
Family
Maternal Relationships
Sibling and Peer Relationships
Friendship
Self-Disclosure and Friendship Development
Cross-Sex Friendships
Myth Buster: Opposite-Sex Friendships Are All-About Sex
ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
Dating
Social Media and Gender Roles
Committed Relationships and Marriage
Marital Relationships and Gender Role Attitudes
Controversial Issue: Mr., Mrs., Ms. and Mx.
Division of Household Labor
Relationship Conflict and Dissolutions
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
LINKS AND LOGIC
Chapter 11: SEXUALITY
The Study Of Sex
Kinsey Surveys of Sexual Behavior
Center for Sexual Health Promotion Surveys
Observational Studies of Sexual Behavior
SEX EDUCATION
Controversial Issue: Sex Education
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Asexuality
Heterosexuality
Same-gender sexuality
Myth Buster: It’s just a phase, right?
Sexual Fluidity
GENDER ROLES AND RULES FOR SEXUALITY
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
LINKS AND LOGIC
Chapter 12: THE WORLD OF WORK
OCCUPATION GOALS
SEX AND GENDER EQUALITY AT WORK
Hiring Discrimination
Pay Discrimination
Negotiations
Myth Buster: Women Are Not Good Negotiators
OBSTACLES AT WORK
Invisible Barriers for Women, Men, and Minorities
Visible Barriers
Sexual and Gender Harassment
BALANCING WORK AND FAMILY
Controversial Issues: Pregnancy Discrimination
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
LINKS AND LOGIC
Chapter 13: PHYSICAL HEALTH AND WELLNESS
Body satisfaction
Myth Buster: Only Women Talk About Their Bodies
MAJOR DISEASES
Diabetes
Cancer
Heart Disease
RISKY HEALTH BEHAVIORS
Alcohol Consumption and Tobacco Usage
Controversial Issues: E-cigarettes the "safe" option with sex differences
Drugs
Sexual Activity
HEALTH PROMOTION
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
LINKS AND LOGIC
Chapter 14: MENTAL HEALTH AND TREATMENT
STRESS
Sources of Stress
Coping with Stress
DIAGNOSIS OF MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS
Gender Bias in the Process of Diagnosis
SEX AND GENDER EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC DIAGNOSES
Anxiety and Depression
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Gender Dysphoria
Myth Buster: "Treating" Sexual Orientation as a Gender Identity Issue
GENDER ISSUES IN SEEKING MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT
Male Gender Role Impact on Help-Seeking
Controversial Issues: Being the Manly Man Who Likes to Talk about Feelings
Feminist Effects on Therapy
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
LINKS AND LOGIC
Susan Burns
Her personal research interests include the psychological, sex, gender, and physiological responses to violent and nonviolent videogames, the correlates and predictors of homophobia, attachment security between preschoolers and their mothers, and academic dishonesty. In addition to publishing various journal articles and chapters, she has previously co-authored a textbook entitled: Human relations for the educator: Meeting the challenges of today and tomorrow, now in a second edition published with Kendall- Hunt Publishing.
Dr. Burns has authored more than 20 articles and book chapters and her research has appeared in sources such as the Journal of Genetic Psychology, Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, Social Development, and various publications of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology. During her tenure as a professor, Dr. Burns supervised over 100 student presentations at local, regional, and national conventions. As a strong advocate for undergraduate research, she additionally has sponsored student publications in the Psi Chi Journal and Journal of Psychological Inquiry. Dr. Burns is a member of the Association for Psychological Science, Society for the Teaching of Psychology and was selected as a recipient of the 2004 and 2008 Sharon Walker Faculty Excellence Award at Morningside College, the 2006 state of Iowa, American Association of University Women Distinguished Faculty Award recipient, and the Morningside College Omicron Delta Kappa Honor Society 2006 Faculty Person of the Year.
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