Psychology in Everyday Life by David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall - Sixth Edition, 2023 from Macmillan Student Store

Psychology in Everyday Life

Sixth  Edition©2023  David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall

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About

Use PSYCHOLOGY to succeed in this course, and in life!
Psychology in Everyday Life lives up to its title--helping you apply psychology’s concepts to your own life in meaningful ways. Chapters are manageable and effective, and with LaunchPad or Achieve Read & Practice (both include LearningCurve adaptive quizzing), this learning system helps deliver even better results.

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Table of Contents

Instructor Preface 
Student Preface: Skills for Student Success—How to Apply Psychology to Live Your Best Life


CHAPTER 1
Psychology’s Roots, Critical Thinking, and Self-Improvement Tools 
Psychology Is a Science 
Critical Thinking and the Scientific Attitude 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Scientific Attitude 
Psychological Science’s Birth and Development 
Today’s Psychology 
The Need for Psychological Science 
The Limits of Common Sense 
Psychological Science in a Post-Truth World 
How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions? 
The Scientific Method 
Description 
Correlation 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Correlation and Causation 
Experimentation 
Choosing a Research Design 
Predicting Everyday Behavior 
Psychology’s Research Ethics 
Studying and Protecting Animals 
Studying and Protecting Humans 
Values in Psychology 
Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person—and a Better Student


CHAPTER 2
The Biology of Behavior and Consciousness 
The Power of Neuroplasticity 
Neural Communication 
A Neuron’s Structure 
How Neurons Communicate 
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us 
The Nervous System 
The Peripheral Nervous System 
The Central Nervous System 
The Endocrine System 
The Brain 
Tools of Discovery—Having Our Head Examined 
Brain Regions and Structures 
The Limbic System 
The Cerebral Cortex 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Do We Use Only 10 Percent of Our Brain? 
Damage Response and Brain Hemispheres 
Brain States and Consciousness 
Selective Attention 
Sleep and Dreams


CHAPTER 3
Developing Through the Life Span 
Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues 
Nature and Nurture 
Continuity and Stages 
Stability and Change 
Prenatal Development and the Newborn 
Conception 
Prenatal Development 
The Competent Newborn 
Twin and Adoption Studies 
Infancy and Childhood 
Physical Development 
Cognitive Development 
Social Development 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Parenting Styles—Too Hard, Too Soft, Too Uncaring, and Just Right? 
Adolescence 
Physical Development 
Cognitive Development 
Social Development 
Emerging Adulthood 
Adulthood 
Physical Development 
Cognitive Development 
Social Development


CHAPTER 4
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 
Gender Development 
Similarities and Differences
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Gender Bias in the Workplace 
The Nature of Gender 
The Nurture of Gender 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Sexual Aggression 
Human Sexuality 
The Physiology of Sex 
The Psychology of Sex 
Sexual Orientation 
Cultural Attitudes and Prevalence 
Why Do We Differ? 
An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality 
Male-Female Differences in Sexuality 
Natural Selection and Mating Preferences 
Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective 
Sex and Human Relationships 
Reflections on the Nature and Nurture of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality


CHAPTER 5
Sensation and Perception 
Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception 
From Outer Energy to Inner Brain Activity 
Thresholds 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Subliminal Stimulation and Subliminal Persuasion 
Sensory Adaptation 
Perceptual Set 
Context, Motivation, and Emotion 
Vision
Light Energy and Eye Structures 
Information Processing in the Eye and Brain 
Perceptual Organization 
Perceptual Interpretation 
Hearing 
Sound Waves: From the Environment Into the Brain
Decoding Sound Waves
How Do We Locate Sounds?
Skin, Chemical, and Body Senses
Touch 
Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell 
Body Position and Movement 
Sensory Interaction 
Perception Without Sensation?

CHAPTER 6
Learning 
How Do We Learn? 
Classical Conditioning 
Pavlov’s Experiments 
Pavlov’s Legacy 
Operant Conditioning 
Skinner’s Experiments 
Skinner’s Legacy 
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning 
Biology, Cognition, and Learning 
Biological Limits on Conditioning 
Cognitive Influences on Conditioning 
Learning by Observation 
Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain 
Observational Learning in Everyday Life 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Effects of Viewing Media Violence

CHAPTER 7
Memory 
Studying Memory 
An Information-Processing Model 
Building Memories: Encoding 
Our Two-Track Memory System 
Automatic Processing and Implicit Memories 
Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories 
Memory Storage 
Retaining Information in the Brain 
Synaptic Changes 
Retrieval: Getting Information Out 
Measuring Retention 
Retrieval Cues 
Forgetting 
Forgetting and the Two-Track Mind 
Encoding Failure 
Storage Decay 
Retrieval Failure 
Memory Construction Errors 
Misinformation and Imagination Effects 
Source Amnesia 
Recognizing False Memories 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Can Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Then Recovered? 
Children’s Eyewitness Recall 
Improving Memory 

CHAPTER 8
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 
Thinking 
Concepts 
Solving Problems 
Making Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Fear Factor 
Thinking Creatively 
Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills? 
Language 
Language Acquisition and Development 
The Brain and Language 
Thinking Without Language 
Do Other Species Have Language? 
Intelligence 
What Is Intelligence? 
Assessing Intelligence 
The Nature and Nurture of Intelligence 
Intelligence Across the Life Span 
Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores


CHAPTER 9
Motivation and Emotion 
Motivational Concepts 
Drives and Incentives 
Arousal Theory 
A Hierarchy of Needs 
Hunger 
The Physiology of Hunger 
The Psychology of Hunger 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Challenges of Obesity and Weight Control 
The Need to Belong 
The Benefits of Belonging 
The Pain of Being Shut Out 
Connecting and Social Networking 
Achievement Motivation 
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation 
Goal Setting
Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition 
James-Lange Theory: Arousal Comes Before Emotion 
Cannon-Bard Theory: Arousal and Emotion Happen at the Same Time 
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: Arousal + Label = Emotion 
Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus: Emotion and the Two-Track Brain 
Embodied Emotion 
The Basic Emotions 
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System 
The Physiology of Emotions 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Lie Detection 
Expressed and Experienced Emotion 
Detecting Emotion in Others 
Culture and Emotion 
The Effects of Facial Expressions


CHAPTER 10
Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing 
Stress: Some Basic Concepts 
Stressors—Things That Push Our Buttons 
Stress Reactions—From Alarm to Exhaustion 
Stress Effects and Health 
Stress and Heart Disease 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Stress and Health 
Coping With Stress 
Coping Strategies
Personal Control 
Optimism and Pessimism
Emotion Regulation
Social Support 
Finding Meaning 
Managing Stress Effects 
Aerobic Exercise 
Relaxation and Meditation 
Faith Communities and Health 
Happiness and Well-Being 
When Are We Happiest? 
What Makes Us Happy?
Evidence-Based Suggestions for a Happy Life
Questioning Some Myths About Happiness

 
CHAPTER 11
Social Psychology 
What Is Social Psychology’s Focus? 
Social Thinking 
The Fundamental Attribution Error 
Attitudes and Actions 
Persuasion 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: How to Be Persuasive 
Social Influence 
Cultural Influences
Conformity and Obedience 
Group Influence 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Internet as Social Amplifier 
Social Relations 
Prejudice 
Aggression 
Attraction 
Altruism 
From Conflict to Peace


CHAPTER 12
Personality 
What Is Personality? 
Psychodynamic Theories 
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the Unconscious 
The Neo-Freudian and Later Psychodynamic Theorists 
Assessing Unconscious Processes 
Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective and Modern Views of the Unconscious 
Humanistic Theories 
Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person 
Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective 
Assessing the Self 
Evaluating Humanistic Theories 
Trait Theories 
Exploring Traits 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Stigma of Introversion 
Assessing Traits 
The Big Five Factors 
Evaluating Trait Theories 
Social-Cognitive Theories 
Reciprocal Influences 
Assessing Behavior in Situations 
Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories 
Exploring the Self 
The Benefits and Costs of Self-Esteem 
Self-Serving Bias 
Culture and the Self


CHAPTER 13
Psychological Disorders 
What Is a Psychological Disorder? 
Defining Psychological Disorders 
Understanding Psychological Disorders 
Classifying Disorders—and Labeling People 
Anxiety-Related Disorders
Anxiety Disorders 
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Understanding Anxiety-Related Disorders 
Substance Use Disorders 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Tolerance and Addiction 
Types of Psychoactive Drugs 
Understanding Substance Use Disorders 
Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders 
Depressive Disorders 
Bipolar Disorders 
Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders 
Schizophrenia 
Symptoms of Schizophrenia 
Onset and Development of Schizophrenia 
Understanding Schizophrenia 
Dissociative, Personality, and Eating Disorders 
Dissociative Disorders 
Personality Disorders
Eating Disorders 
Risk of Harm to Self and Others 
Understanding Suicide 
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury 
Does Disorder Equal Danger? 
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Intellectual Disability
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior? 

CHAPTER 14
Therapy 
Treating Psychological Disorders 
The Psychological Therapies 
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies 
Humanistic Therapies 
Behavior Therapies 
Cognitive Therapies 
Group, Couple, and Family Therapies 
Evaluating Psychotherapies 
Is Psychotherapy Effective? 
Which Psychotherapies Work Best? 
How Do Psychotherapies Help People? 
Human Diversity and Psychotherapy 
Seeking Psychotherapy
Ethical Principles in Psychotherapy
The Biomedical Therapies 
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Therapeutic Lifestyle Change 
Drug Therapies 
Brain Stimulation 
Psychosurgery 
Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience 
Preventive Mental Health 
Building Resilience 

APPENDIXES
 A Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life 
 B Psychology at Work 
 C The Story of Psychology: A Timeline 
 D Career Fields in Psychology   
 E Complete Chapter Reviews
 F Answers to the Retrieve & Remember and Chapter Test Questions 
Glossary 
Glosario 
References 
Name Index 
Subject Index 

David G. Myers

David Myers received his B.A. in chemistry from Whitworth University, and his psychology Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. He has spent his career at Hope College, Michigan, where he has taught dozens of introductory psychology sections. Hope College students have invited him to be their commencement speaker and voted him “outstanding professor.” His research and writings have been recognized by the Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize, an Honored Scientist award from the Federation of Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences, an Award for Distinguished Service on Behalf of Social-Personality Psychology, a Presidential Citation from APA Division 2, election as an American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow, and three honorary doctorates.

With support from National Science Foundation grants, Myers’ scientific articles have appeared in three dozen scientific periodicals, including Science, American Scientist, Psychological Science, and American Psychologist. In addition to his scholarly and textbook writing, he digests psychological science for the general public. His writings have appeared in four dozen magazines, from Today’s Education to Scientific American. He also has authored six general audience books, including, in 2022, How Do We Know Ourselves? Curiosities and Marvels of the Human Mind. And he blogs about psychology and life at TalkPsych.com.

David Myers has chaired his city’s Human Relations Commission, helped found a thriving assistance center for low-income families, and spoken to hundreds of college, community, and professional groups worldwide. Drawing on his experience of hearing loss, which now includes a cochlear implant, he also has written articles and a book (A Quiet World) about hearing loss, and he is advocating a transformation in U.S. assistive listening technology (see HearingLoop.org). For his leadership, he has received awards from the American Academy of Audiology, the hearing industry, and the Hearing Loss Association of America.

David and Carol Myers met and married while undergraduates, and have raised sons Peter and Andrew, and a daughter, Laura. They have one grandchild, Allie.

C. Nathan DeWall

Nathan DeWall is professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky. He received his bachelor’s degree from St. Olaf College, a master’s degree in social science from the University of Chicago, and a master’s degree and Ph.D. in social psychology from Florida State University. DeWall received the College of Arts and Sciences Outstanding Teaching Award, which recognizes excellence in undergraduate and graduate teaching. The Association for Psychological Science identified DeWall as a “Rising Star” early in his career for “making significant contributions to the field of psychological science.” He has been included in the top 1 percent of all cited scientists in psychology and psychiatry on the Institute for Scientific Information list, according to the Web of Science. DeWall conducts research on close relationships, self-control, aggression, the psychology of religion, and intellectual humility. With funding from the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the John Templeton Foundation, he has published 225 scientific articles and chapters. DeWall’s research awards include the SAGE Young Scholars Award from the Foundation for Personality and Social Psychology, the Young Investigator Award from the International Society for Research on Aggression, and the Early Career Award from the International Society for Self and Identity. His research has been covered by numerous media and entertainment outlets, including Good Morning America, The Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Harvard Business Review, USA Today, National Public Radio, The Guardian, the BBC, and Netflix. He has lectured nationally and internationally, including in Hong Kong, China, the Netherlands, England, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Australia, and France.

Nathan is happily married to Alice DeWall and is the proud father of Beverly “Bevy” and Ellis. He also enjoys taking care of the family dog, “Artie.” As an ultramarathon runner, he completed numerous races, including the Badwater 135 in 2017 (dubbed “the World’s toughest foot race”). In his spare time now, he enjoys hiking, attending live concerts, setting up and maintaining aquariums, watching sports, and playing guitar and singing in local rock bands.