Practical Argument
Fourth EditionLaurie G. Kirszner; Stephen R. Mandell
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Learn how to argue about the issues that affect you.
When learning argumentation techniques that can be applied to real life issues, you donβt want to get bogged down with technical jargon. Practical Argument makes argumentative writing accessible with a step-by-step approach and clear, understandable language. The fourth edition includes a contemporary and diverse array of readings, as well as coverage of the kinds of visual arguments youβre likely to encounter in your everyday life.
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Learn MoreTable of Contents
Part 1βUnderstanding Argument
An Introduction to Argument
Recognizing Arguments
γγγγ Why Instructors Assign Argument [box]
Defining Argument
γγγγ What Kinds of Statements Are Not Debatable? [box]
Arguments in Real Life
Winning and Losing Arguments
The Rhetorical Situation
Considering the Writer
Considering the Purpose
Considering the Audience
Considering the Question
Considering the Context
Logos, Pathos,γandγEthos
γγγγ The Appeal to Reason (logos)
γγγγγLogosγin Action
γγγγ The Appeal to the Emotions (pathos)
γγγγγPathosγin Action
γγγγ The Appeal to Authority (ethos)
γγγγγEthosγin Action
The Rhetorical Triangle
1βThe Four Pillars of Argument
AT ISSUE: Is a College Education Worth the Money?
The Elements of Argument
γγγγ Thesis Statement
γγγγ Evidence
γγγγ Refutation
γγγγ Concluding Statement
γγγγ Checklist: Does Your Argument Stand Up?
γγγγ Nia Tuckson,γWhy Foreign-Language Study Should Be Requiredγ[student essay] γ
γγγγ*Andy Kessler,γLearn a Language, But Not a Human One
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE: Is a College Education Worth the Money?
*Derek Tharp,γIs College Worth It? The Answer Isnβt as Simple as You Think
Marty Nemko,γWe Send Too Many Students to College
Jennie Le,γWhat Does It Mean to Be a College Grad?
*Bryan Caplan,γWhatβs College Good For?
Mary C. Daly and Leila Bengali,γIs It Still Worth Going to College?
*University of the People,γDoes College Still Matter in 2018?
Part 2βReading and Responding to Arguments
2βThinking and Reading Critically
AT ISSUE: Does Recycling Really Accomplish Anything?
γγγγ Using Critical-Thinking Skills [box]
Reading Critically
γγγγ Guidelines for Reading Critically [box]
Becoming an Active Reader
γγγγγPreviewing
γγγγ Close Reading
γγγγ Comprehension Clues [box]
γγγγ*John Tierney, The Reign of Recycling
γγγγ Highlighting
γγγγSuggestions for Highlighting [box]
γγγγ Annotating
γγγγ Checklist: Questions for Annotating
γγγγ γ *Los Angeles Times, Itβs Time to Phase Out All Single-Use Plastic
γγ *Bob Holmes, Waste Notβ¦
γ *Jenny Luna, We Are So Forked
Writing a Critical Response
Checklist: Questions for Critical Reading
γγγγ*Neena Thomason, Response to "Itβs Time To Phase Out All Single-Use Plastic"γ[student response]
Template for Writing a Critical Response
3βReading and Responding to Visual Arguments
AT ISSUE: Does Recycling Really Accomplish Anything? [continued]
Thinking Critically about Visual Arguments
γγγγ Visuals versus Visual Arguments [box]
Using Active Reading Strategies with Visual Arguments
γγγγ Comprehension Clues [box]
γγγγ Appeals:γLogos, Pathos,γandγEthosγ[box]
γγγγγNational Geographic Coverγ[visual]
γγγγRecycling Bar Graphγ[graphs]
γγγγBird Trapped in Plastic [photo]
Recycling cartoon [cartoon]
Waste Pie Chart [chart]
Straws Suck! [infographic]
What Goes in the Ocean Goes in You [advertisement]
Last Earth Day [advertisement]
Responding Critically to Visual Arguments
γγγγ Checklist: Questions for Responding to Visual Arguments
γγγγWhat Goes in the Ocean Goes in You [student response]
γγγγ Template for Responding to Visual Arguments
4βWriting a Rhetorical Analysis
AT ISSUE: Is It Ethical to Buy Counterfeit Designer Merchandise?
What Is a Rhetorical Analysis?
γγγγ Overview: "Letter from Birmingham Jail" by Martin Luther King Jr. [box]
Considering the Rhetorical Situation
γγγγ Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation [box]
γγγγ The Writer
γγγγAnalyzing the Writer [box]
γγγγ The Writerβs Purpose
γγγγAnalyzing the Writerβs Purpose [box]
γγγγ The Writerβs Audience
γγγγAnalyzing the Writerβs Audience [box]
γγγγ The Question
Analyzing the Question [box]
γγγγ The Context
γγγγAnalyzing the Context [box]
Considering the Means of Persuasion:γLogos, Pathos, Ethos
γγγγ The Appeal to Reason (logos)
γγγγ The Appeal to the Emotions (pathos)
γγγγ The Appeal to Authority (ethos)
Considering the Writerβs Rhetorical Strategies
γγγγ Thesis
γγγγ Organization
γγγγ Evidence
γγγγ Stylistic Techniques
Assessing the Argument
γγγγ Checklist: Preparing to Write a Rhetorical Analysis
Sample Rhetorical Analysis
γγγγ Dana Thomas,γTerror's Purse Strings
γγγγ Deniz Bilgutay,γA Powerful Call to Actionγ[student essay]
γγγγ Rajeev Ravisankar,γSweatshop Oppression
γγγ Template for Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
γγγγγ*Jerome Sieger,γSweatshops Are Good
5βUnderstanding Logic and Recognizing Logical Fallacies
AT ISSUE: How Free Should Free Speech Be?
What Is Deductive Reasoning?
Constructing Sound Syllogisms
γγγγ Syllogism with an Illogical Middle Term
γγγγ Syllogism with a Key Term Whose Meaning Shifts
γγγγ Syllogisms with Negative Premise
Recognizing Enthymemes
γγγγ Bumper-Sticker Thinking [box]
Writing Deductive Arguments
γγγγγCrystal Sanchez,γCollege Should Be for Everyoneγ[student essay]
What Is Inductive Reasoning?
γγγγ Reaching Inductive Conclusions [box]
Making Inferences
Constructing Strong Inductive Arguments
γγγγ Generalization Too Broad
γγγγ Insufficient Evidence
γγγγ Irrelevant Evidence
γγγγ Exceptions to the Rule
Writing Inductive Arguments
γγγγ William Saletan,γPlease Do Not Feed the Humans
Recognizing Logical Fallacies
γγγγ Begging the Question
γγγγ Circular Reasoning
γγγγ Weak Analogy
γγγ γAd HominemγFallacy (Personal Attack)
γγγγ Creating a Straw Man
γγγγ Hasty or Sweeping Generalization (Jumping to a Conclusion)
γγγγ Either/Or Fallacy (False Dilemma)
γγγγ Equivocation
γγγγ Red Herring
γγγγ Slippery Slope
γγγγ You Also (Tu Quoque)
γγγγ Appeal to Doubtful Authority
γγγγ Misuse of Statistics
γγγγ Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hocγ(After This, Therefore Because of This)
γγγγ Non Sequiturγ(It Does Not Follow)
γγγγ Bandwagon Fallacy
Patrick J. Buchanan,γImmigration Time-Out
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE: How Free Should Free Speech Be?
*Thane Rosenbaum,γShould Neo-Nazis Be Allowed Free Speech?γγ
*Sol Stern,γThe Unfree Speech Movement
*American Association of University Professors,γOn Freedom of Expression and Campus Speech Codesγγ
*Wendy Kaminer,γProgressive Ideas Have Killed Free Speech on Campus
*Judith Shulevitz,γIn College and Hiding from Scary Ideas
*Eric Posner,γUniversities Are Right to Crack Down on Speech and Behavior
Template for Writing a Deductive Argument
Template for Writing an Inductive Argument
6βRogerian Argument, Toulmin Logic, and Oral Arguments
AT ISSUE: Why Are So Few Women in STEM Fields?
Understanding Rogerian Argument
Structuring Rogerian Arguments
Writing Rogerian Arguments
γγγγγZoya Kahn,γWhy Cell Phones Do Not Belong in the Classroomγ[student essay]
Understanding Toulmin Logic
Constructing Toulmin Arguments
Writing Toulmin Arguments
γγγγ Jen Davis,γCompetitive Cheerleaders Are Athletesγ[student essay]
Understanding Oral Arguments
Planning an Oral Argument
Checklist: Designing and Displaying Visuals
Delivering Oral Arguments
Dealing with Nervousness [box]
Composing an Oral Argument
γγγγγChantee Steele,γAn Argument in Support of the "Gap Year"γ[student speech] γ
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE: Why Are So Few Women in STEM Fields?γγγγ
γγγγγ**Olivia Nicholas, **What Are You Going to Do with That Major?*
**Olga Khazan, **The More Gender Equality, the Fewer Women in STEM*
γγγγ *Stuart Reges,γWhy Women Donβt Code
γγγγ *Rosalind C. Barnett and Caryl Rivers,γThe Science Doesnβt Support the Google Memo
γγγ *Barbara Oakley,γWhy Do Women Shun STEM? Itβs Complicated
γγγγγTemplate for Writing a Rogerian Argument
Template for Writing a Toulmin Argument
Part 3βWriting an Argumentative Essay
7βPlanning, Drafting, and Revising an Argumentative Essay
AT ISSUE: Should College Campuses Go Green?
Choosing a Topic
γγγγ Topics to Avoid [box]
Thinking about Your Topic
γγγγ Freewriting
γγγγ Brainstorming
γγγγ Clustering
γγγγ Informal Outline
Drafting a Thesis Statement
Understanding Your Purpose and Audience
Gathering Evidence
γγγγ Evaluating the Evidence in Your Sources
γγγγ Detecting Bias in Your Sources
γγγγUsing Analogies as Evidence [box]
Refuting Opposing Arguments
γγγγγStrategies for Refuting Opposing Arguments
Revising Your Thesis Statement
Structuring Your Essay
γγγγ Supplying Background Information [box]
γγγγ Using Induction and Deduction
Identifying a Strategy for Your Argument
γγγγ Constructing a Formal Outline
Establishing Credibility
γγγγ Being Well-Informed
γγγγ Being Reasonable
γγγγ Being Fair
γγγγ Maintaining Your Credibility [box]
Drafting Your Essay
γγγγ Suggested Transitions for Argument [box]
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: Using Parallelism
Revising Your Essay
γγγγ Asking Questions
Checklist: Questions about Your Essayβs Purpose and Audience
Checklist: Questions about Your Essayβs Structure and Style
Checklist: Questions about Your Essayβs Supporting Evidence
γγγγ Using Outlines and Templates
γγγγ Getting Feedback
γγγγ Guidelines for Peer Review
Polishing Your Essay
γγγγ Editing and Proofreading
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: Contractions vs. Possessive Pronouns
γγγγ Choosing a Title
γγγγ Checking Format
Shawn Holton,γGoing Greenγ[student essay]
Part 4βUsing Sources to Support Your Argument
8βFinding and Evaluating Sources
AT ISSUE: Is Technology a Serious Threat to Our Privacy?
Finding Sources
γγγγ Finding Information in the Library
γγγγ Finding Information on the Internet
Evaluating Sources
*Zeynep Tufekci, The Privacy Debacle
*David N. Cicilline and Terrell McSweeny, Competition is at the Heart of Facebookβs Privacy Problem
γγγγ*Daniel Lyons, Facebook: Privacy Problems and PR Nightmareγ
Evaluating Websites
γγγγ Using a Siteβs URL to Assess Its Objectivity [box]
γγγγ Avoiding Confirmation Bias [box]γγγγ
*The Chronicle of Higher Education,γHome Pageγ[website]
γγγγ *Glamour Magazine,γHome Pageγ[website]
γγγ*The Chronicle of Higher Education,γAboutγThe Chronicle [website]
γγγγ *GlamourγMagazine,γAboutγGlamourγ[website]
γ*Bart Lazar,γWhy We Need a Privacy Label on the Internet
γ *Douglas Rushkoff,γYou Are Not Facebookβs Customer
γγγγ*Igor Kuksov,γAll Ears: The Dangers of Voice Assistants
γ Sam Laird,γShould Athletes Have Social Media Privacy? One Bill Says Yes
9βSummarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Synthesizing Sources
AT ISSUE: Is Technology a Serious Threat to Our Privacy? (continued)
Summarizing Sources
γγγγ When to Summarize [box]
γγγγ Summarizing Sources [box]
Paraphrasing Sources
γγγγ When to Paraphrase [box]
γγγγ Paraphrasing Sources [box]
Quoting Sources
γγγγ When to Quote [box]
γγγγ Quoting Sources [box]
γγγShelley Fralic,γDonβt Fall for the Myths about Online Privacy
Working Source Material into Your Argument
γγγγ Using Identifying Tags
γγγγ Template for Using Identifying Tags [box]
γγγγ Working Quotations into Your Sentences
γγγγ Distorting Quotations [box]
Synthesizing Sources
10βDocumenting Sources: MLA
Using Parenthetical References
Preparing the Works-Cited List
γγγγ Periodicals γγγγ
γγγγBooks
Audiovisual Sources
γγγγ Internet Sources
γγγγ Legal Case
γγγγ Government Document
MLA Paper Guidelines [box]
γγγγ Erin Blaine,γShould Data Posted on Social Networking Sites Be "Fair Game" for Employers?γ[Model MLA Paper]
11βUsing Sources Responsibly
AT ISSUE: Where Should We Draw the Line with Plagiarism?
Understanding Plagiarism
γγγγ Two Definitions of Plagiarism [box]
Avoiding Unintentional Plagiarism
γγInternet Sources and Plagiarism [box]
γγγγ Intentional Plagiarism [box]
Knowing What to Document
γγγγγLoos Diallo,γPlagiarism Policyγ[image]
*Erika Ramirez,γWhen Beyonceβs Inspiration Turns Into Imitation
Revising to Eliminate Plagiarism
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE: Where Should We Draw the Line with Plagiarism?
γγγγ γTrip Gabriel,γPlagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Age
γγγγ *Jennifer Mott-Smith,γBad Idea about Writing: Plagiarism Deserves to be Punished
γγγγ Richard A. Posner,γThe Truth about Plagiarism
γγγ*Helen Rubinstein,γWhen Plagiarism is a Plea for Help
γγγγDan Ariely,γEssay Mills: A Coarse Lesson in Cheating
Term Papers for Sale Advertisementγ[Web page]
Template for Writing an Argument about Plagiarism
Writing Assignments: Using Sources Responsibly
Part 5β Strategies for Argument
12βDefinition Arguments
AT ISSUE: How Do We Distinguish Between Real News and Misinformation?
What Is a Definition Argument?
Developing Definitions
γγγγ Dictionary Definitions (Formal Definitions)
γγγγ Extended Definitions
γγγγ Operational Definitions
Structuring a Definition Argument
γγγγ Adam Kennedy,γWhy I Am a Nontraditional Studentγ[student essay]
γγγγ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: Avoiding "Is Where"γand "Is When"
γγγγ γ*Ej Garr,γAthlete vs. Role Model
γγγγ Firefighters at Ground Zeroγ[photograph];γThe Tuskegee Airmenγ[photograph]
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE: How Do We Distinguish Between Real News and Misinformation?
γγ *Joanna Burkhardt,γHistory of Fake News
γγγ*Jimmy Wales,γWhat Can We Do to Combat Fake News?
γγγ*Adrian Chen,γThe Fake News Fallacy
γγγ*Katie Langin, Fake News Spreads Faster than True News
*Lee Leetaru,γHow Data and Information Literacy Could End Fake News
Template for Writing a Definition Argument
Writing Assignments: Definition Arguments
13βCause-and-Effect Arguments
AT ISSUE: γDoes Our Reliance on Social Media Bring Us Together or Drive Us Apart?
What Is a Cause-and-Effect Argument?
γγγγ Bumper Stickersγ[photograph]
Understanding Cause-and-Effect Relationships
γγγγ Main and Contributory Causes
γγγγ Immediate and Remote Causes
γγγγ Causal Chains
γγγγ Key Words for Cause-and-Effect Arguments [box]
γγγγ Post HocγReasoning
Structuring a Cause-and-Effect Argument
γγγγ Kristina Mialki,γTexting: A Boon, Not a Threat, to Languageγ[student essay]
γγγγ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: Avoiding "The reason is because"
γγγγγPeggy Orenstein,γShould the World of Toys Be Gender-Free?
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE: Does Our Reliance on Social Media Bring Us Together or Drive Us Apart?
*Laura Bogart,γI Donβt Own a Smartphone β and I Donβt Want One
*Dimitiry Kozlov,γSocial Media: Bringing People Together, Virtually and Physically
*Robert Weiss, Closer Together or Further Apart? Digital Devices and the New Generation Gap
*David Ludden,γDoes Using Social Media Make You Lonely?
*Wendy Leung,γI Quit Facebook and I Miss It
*Sherry Turkle,γThe Flight from Conversation
Template for Writing a Cause-and-Effect Argument
Writing Assignments: Cause-and-Effect Arguments
14βEvaluation Arguments
AT ISSUE: Do the Benefits of Fossil Fuels Outweigh the Environmental Risks?
What Is an Evaluation Argument?
γγγγ Making Evaluations [box]
ββ Identifying Bias [box]
γγγγ Criteria for Evaluation
Structuring an Evaluation Argument
γγγγγKevin Murphy,γEvaluation of a Website: RateMyProfessors.comγ[student essay] γ
γγγγ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: Comparatives and Superlatives
γγγγγ*Eric Klinenberg,γTo Restore Civil Society, Start with the Library
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE: Do the Benefits of Fracking Outweigh the Environmental Risks?
γγγγ*Joseph Bast and Peter FerraraγThe Social Benefits of Fossil Fuels Far Outweigh the Costs
γγγγ*Juan Ramos,γFossil Fuels Pros and Cons
γγγγ*Bernard McNamee,γThis Earth Day, Letβs Accept the Critical Role That Fossil Fuels Play in Energy Needs
γγγγSean Lennon,γDestroying Precious Land for Gas
γγγγ*Bruno Comby,γThe Benefits of Nuclear Energy
γγγγ*Barbara Hurd,γFracking: A Fable
Template for Writing an Evaluation Argument
Writing Assignments: Evaluation Arguments
15βEthical Arguments
AT ISSUE: How Far Should Schools Go to Keep Students Safe?
What is an Ethical Argument?
Stating an Ethical Principle
Ethics versus Law
Understanding Ethical Dilemmas
γγγγ Treadlighly.org,γRide Hard,γTread Lightlyγ[advertisement] γ
γγγγγ*PETA,γAdopt, Donβt Buyγ[advertisement] γγ
γγγγ Linda Pastan,γEthicsγ[poem]γγ
Structuring an Ethical Argument
γγγγ Chris MuΓ±oz,γAre Colleges Doing Enough for Nontraditional Students?γ[student essay] γ
γγγγ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: Subordination and Coordination
γγγγγ*Shubhankar Chokra,γThe Ethical Case for Eating Animals
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE: How Far Should Schools Go to Keep Students Safe?
γγγγ *Evie Blad,γDo Schoolsβ "Active Shooter" Drills Prepare or Frighten?
γγγγ Timothy WheelerγThereβs a Reason They Choose Schools
γγγγ *Sasha Arbramsky, The Fear Industry Goes Back to Work
γγγ γ *Michael Goldberg,γIβm a School Psychologistβand I Think Teachers Should Be Armed
γγγ γ *Vann Newkirk,γArming Educators Violates the Spirit of the Second Amendment
γγγγ Isothermal Community College,γWarning Signs: How You Can Help Prevent Campus Violence
Template for Writing an Ethical Argument
Writing Assignments: Ethical Arguments
16βProposal Arguments
AT ISSUE: Should the Government Do More to Relieve the Student Loan Burden?
What Is a Proposal Argument?
γγγγγPETA,γLet Vegetarianism Grow on Youγ[advertisement]
γγγγγγγProblem Solving Strategies [box]
Stating the Problem
Proposing a Solutionγγγγ
Demonstrating That Your Solution Will Work
γγγγγγγSunshineweek.org,γLet the Sunshine Inγ[advertisement] γ
Establishing Feasibility
Discussing Benefits
Refuting Opposing Arguments
γγγγ Nyc.gov,γItβs Your City. Itβs Your Earth.γ[advertisement]
γγγγγBernie Sanders,γMedicare for All Is Good for Business
Structuring a Proposal Argument
γγγγ Melissa Burrell,γColleges Need Honor Codesγ[student essay]
γγγγ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT:γWillγversusγWould
γγγγ*Michelle Wu,γThe Road to Fear-Free Driving in Boston
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE: Should the Government Do More to Relieve the Student-Loan Burden?
γγγγ *Rana Foroohar, The US College Debt Bubble Is Becoming Dangerous
γγγγγRichard Vedder,γForgive Student Loans?
γγγγγ*Ben Miller,γStudent Debt: Itβs Worse Than We Imagined
γγγSam Adolphsen,γDonβt Blame the Governmentγγγ
Astra Taylor,γA Strike against Student Debt
Template for Writing a Proposal Argument
Writing Assignments: Proposal Arguments
Part 5 Review: Combining Argumentative Strategies
γγγγγ*Robert M. Franklin,γRFKβs Still a Leadership Role Model for Youth
γγγγ Kevin Carey,γFulfill George Washingtonβs Last Wishβ ββ a National University
Part 6βDebates, Casebooks, and Classic Arguments
DEBATES
17β Should We Embrace Self-Driving Cars?
γγγγγ*Don Aucoin,γWhy We Have the Ethics of Self-Driving Cars All Wrong
γγγγγ*Olivia Goldhill,γShould Driverless Cars Kill Their Own Passengers to Save a Pedestrian?
18βShould College Athletes Be Paid?
γγγγγ*Randy Bertolas, Jayme Krejci, and Alex StanleyγAre Colleges and Universities Obligated to Provide Student Athletes with Additional Compensation? (Point)
γγγγ* Randy Bertolas, Jayme Krejci, and Alex StanleyγAre Colleges and Universities Obligated to Provide Student Athletes with Additional Compensation? (Counterpoint)
19βUnder What Circumstances Do Bystanders Have an Ethical Obligation to Intervene?
γγγγγLenore Skenazy,γHow Kitty Genovese Destroyed Childhood
γγγγγJoe Nocera,γItβs Hard to Be a Hero
20βShould the United States Establish a Universal Basic Income?
γγγγγγ γ γ *Christian Bot,γThe Conservative Case for Universal Basic Income
γγγγγγ*Geroge Zarkadakas,γThe Case Against Universal Basic Income
γγγγ
CASEBOOKS
21βShould Every American Go to College?
γγγγEric Hoover,γCollegeβs Value Goes Deeper Than the Degree
γγγγ*Andrew Perry,γStop Saying College Isnβt for Everyone
*G. Vance, The College Trap: Our Higher Education System Hurts the Poor
γγγγ CharlesγMurray,γWhat's Wrong with Vocational School?
γγγγγ
22βHow Should We Solve the Opioid Problem?
γγγγ *Ericka Anderson,γThe Opioid Epidemic Is a Cultural Problem, It Requires Cultural Solutions
γγγγγ*Stanton Peele,γThe Solution to the Opioid Crisis
γγγγ*Peter Moore,γThe Other Opioid Crisis
γγγγ*Sally Satel,γThe Myth of Whatβs Driving the Opioid Crisis
γγγγ
23βShould the United States Have Open Borders?
γ*Richard Lamm,γThe Liberal Case for Reducing Immigration
*Nick Srineck,γ$100 Trillion Case for Open Borders
*John Lee,γSecure the U.S.-Mexico Border: Open It
*Adam Ozemik,γWhy I Donβt Support Open Borders
γγγγ
24βDoes It Pay to Study the Humanities? γ
Christina H. Paxson,γThe Economic Case for Saving the Humanities
Anthony P. Carnevale and Michelle Melton,γMajor Differences: Why Undergraduate Majors Matter
Kim Brooks,γIs It Time to Kill the Liberal Arts Degree?
Thomas Frank,γCourse Corrections
25βCLASSIC ARGUMENTS
γγγγ Plato,γThe Allegory of the Cave
γγγγγAndrew Marvell,γTo His Coy Mistress
γγγγ Jonathan Swift,γA Modest Proposal
γγγγ Thomas Jefferson,γThe Declaration of Independence
γγγγγAbraham Lincoln,γThe Gettysburg Address
γγγγ Elizabeth Cady Stanton,γDeclaration of Sentiments and Resolutionsγγ
γγγγγGeorge Orwell,γPolitics and the English Languageγγ
γγγγ Rachel Carson,γThe Obligation to Endureγγ
γγγγγBetty Friedan,γThe Importance of Work
γγγγγJames Baldwin,γIf Black English Isnβt a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?
Appendix AβWriting Literary Arguments
What Is a Literary Argument?
Stating an Argumentative Thesis
Choosing Evidence
Writing a Literary Argument
Megan McGovern,γConfessions of a Misunderstood Poem: An Analysis of "The Road Not Taken"γ[student essay]
Loren Martinez,γNot Just a "Girl"[student essay]
Appendix BβDocumenting Sources: APA