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Napoleon: A Symbol for an Age
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First Edition©2008 Rafe Blaufarb; Claudia Liebeskind
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Using a broad range of primary sources, including confidential memoranda and correspondence, speeches, memoirs, letters, police reports, and songs, Napoleon: A Symbol for an Age situates Napoleon within his time while opening a broad perspective on the nature and impact of Napoleonic rule.
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Table of Contents Foreword
Preface
PART ONE INTRODUCTION: NAPOLEON: THE MAN IN HIS TIMES
The Rise of Napoleon
Napoleon Comes to Power
The Foundations of Napoleon’s Regime
From Republic to Empire
Napoleon and War
Napoleon and Europe Map 1. Europe in 1800 Map 2. Europe in 1812
Decline and Fall
Legacy
PART TWO
THE DOCUMENTS
1. The Rise of Napoleon
The Making of a Political General
1. J.C.D. Lacretelle, Account of the Vendémiaire Uprising, 1875
2. J.B. Le Couteulx de Canteleu, Bonaparte in Barras’s Salon, 1875
Forging a Reputation: Bonaparte in Italy
3. Napoleon Bonaparte, Historical, Political, and Military Notes on the Army of Italy, October 23, 1797
4. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letters to Josephine, 1796–1797
5. A.F. Miot de Melito, Napoleon and the Fructidor Coup, 1858
The Politics of Generalship: The Egyptian Expedition
6. Napoleon Bonaparte, Address to the Army of Egypt, 1798
7. Napoleon Bonaparte, Proclamation to the Egyptians, 1798
8. L. de Laus de Boisy, The Institute of Egypt, 1799
9. Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, The French Occupation of Cairo, 1798
2. Napoleon in Power
Seizing Power: 18 Brumaire
10. P.J.G. Cabanis, Address to the French People, November 10, 1799
11. A.C. Thibaudeau, Creation of the Consular Government, 1834
Restoring Order
12. Judge Challamel, Letter of Brigandage, February 13, 1800
13. D.F. Delpierre and B. Constant, Debate over the Creation of Special Military Commissions, January 24–25, 1801
Religious Settlement
14. Papal Agent Ghislieri and Pope Pius VII, Letters on the Origin of the Concordat, July 10, 1800
15. J.J. Siméon, Speech Presenting the Concordat to the Legislature for Ratification, April 6, 1802
Return of the Emigrés
16. Marquise de la Tour du Pin, Return to France, 1913
17. Marquis de Bouthillier, Return from the Emigré Armies, 1810
18. Prefect of the Vaucluse, Report on Emigres, July 4, 1805
3. Foundations of Napoleon’s Regime
The Civil Code
19. J.E.M. Portalis, Preliminary Discourse on the Civil Code, January 21, 1801
20. Council of State, Debate over the Civil Code, September 27, 1801
Forging a New Elite
21. Millot de Fontaines, Letter of Recommendation for the Military School, July 14, 1810
22. Ministry of War, Notes on Military School Applicants, August 1809
Napoleonic Propaganda
23. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letter to Minister of the Interior, May 30, 1807
24. Napoleon Bonaparte, Executive Order, March 3, 1806
25. Evolving Images of Napoleon’s Power, 1797–1812
Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps at St. Bernard, 1801
Antoine-Jean Gros, Bonaparte, premier consul, 1802
Jacques-Louis David, Le couronnement de Napoléon Ier, 1808
Jacques-Louis David, Le serment d’armée après la distribution des aigles, 1805
François-Pascal-Simon Gérard, Napoléon en grand habillement du Sacre, 1806
Engraved Reproduction of Maurice Orange, Après la Victoire, undated
Jean-Nicholas Laugier, Engraved Reproduction of Jacques-Louis David’s Napoléon dans Son étude, 1812
26. The Imperial Catechism, 1808
The Secret Police
27. Paris Police Reports, 1804–1807
4. From Republic to Empire
Legion of Honor
28. P.L. Roederer, Speech Proposing the Creation of a Legion of Honor, May 9, 1802
29. J.F. Savoye-Rollin, Speech Opposing the Creation of a Legion of Honor, May 12, 1802
The New Dynasty
30. J.F. Curée, Motion to Institute Hereditary Government, April 30, 1804
31. L. Carnot, Speech against Curée’s Motion, May 1, 1804
The Imperial Court
32. E.A. de Las Cases, Reestablishment of Court Etiquette, undated
33. Guide to Imperial Etiquette, 1811
34. C.M. de Talleyrand, Napoleon’s Austrian Marriage, 1853
The Imperial Nobility
35. Napoleon Bonaparte, Speech to the Senate on the Creation of Imperial Duchies, 1807
36. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letter to Cambacérès, June 14, 1810
5. An Age of War
Total War
37. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, 1832
The Mud and Majesty of War
38. F.R. Cailloux (Pouget), Napoleon Decorating His Troops, 1895
39. J.B.A.M. Marbot, The Battle of Austerlitz, 1891
40. A. de Vigny, Military Grandeur, 1835
41. P.F. Percy, Campaign Journal, 1806
The Civilian Experience of War
42. F.L. Burk, Diary, 1813
43. Napoleon Bonaparte, On Conscription, undated
44. Song of Vivarais Conscripts, 1810
45. Replacement Contract, March 27, 1809
46. Mayor of Roquebrune, Letter to the Prefect of the Hérault, October 10, 1805
47. Sub-Prefect of the Haute-Loire, Letter to the Prefect, February 12, 1811
The Moral Impact of War
48. B. Constant, On the Spirit of Conquest, 1814
6. Napoleon and Europe
The Liberator
49. Napoleon Bonaparte, On Europe, undated
50. M.L. Molé, Opening Discourse to the Assembly of the Jews, 1806
51. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letter to Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, November 15, 1807
52. N.P. Desvernois, Reforms in Naples, 1898
53. G. Zurlo, Report on the Abolition of Feudalism in Naples, undated
The Tyrant
54. C.M. de Talleyrand, Napoleon’s European Legacy, 1853
55. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letter to Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples, July 30, 1806
56. L.F. Lejeune, Smuggling and the Continental System, 1895
57. Inhabitants of Preston, Petition to the House of Commons, March 23, 1812
7. Napoleon and the Atlantic World
Colonial Ambitions
58. E. Bruix, Speech to the Legislature on the Reestablishment of Slavery, May 20, 1802
59. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letter to Toussaint L’Ouverture, 1802
60. Napoleon Bonaparte, Confidential Instructions to General Leclerc, 1801
Colonial Retreat
61. General Leclerc, Letter to Napoleon Bonaparte, October 7, 1802
62. F. Barbé-Marbois, The Sale of Louisiana, 1977
Napoleon and Latin America
63. Joseph Bonaparte, Instructions to Secret Agents in Spanish America, 1810
64. Viceroy of New Spain, Denunciation of Bonapartist Subversion, 1810
65. Richard Rush, Letter to James Monroe, April 1817
8. Decline and Fall
The Spanish Ulcer
66. Supreme Governmental Junta, Appeal to the Clergy, 1808
67. Civil Catechism, and Brief Compendium of the Obligations of the Spaniard, 1808
68. C.F. Francois, Atrocities of War, undated (nineteenth century)
To Russia and Back
69. D. Davydov, Partisan Warfare, 1820-1822
70. J. Planat de la Faye, Letter from Moscow, September 30, 1812
71. P.P. de Ségur, Crossing the Beresina, 1825
Germany Awakes
72. E.M. Arndt, The German Fatherland, 1813
73. Proclamation of Kalisch, March 23, 1813
The First Restoration and the Hundred Days
74. A.C. Thibaudeau, The First Restoration, 1913
75. E.A. de Las Cases, Account of a Conversation between Benjamin Constant and Napoleon Bonaparte, 1815
76. A.C. Thibaudeau, The Hundred Days, 1913
9. The Aftermath
White Terror, Bourbon Repression
77. C.E. Marie de la Bourdonnaye, Speech to the Legislature Calling for Royalist Repression, November 11, 1815
78. Charge Sheet Against Suspected Bonapartists, January 3, 1816
79. Prefect of the Hérault, Letter to His Sub-Prefects, December 23, 1815
The Specter of Napoleon in the Atlantic World
80. Duke de Richelieu, Letters to the Marquis d’Osmond, 1816–1818
81. J. Garcia de Leon y Pizarro, Circular Letter to the Cabinets of Europe, 1817
Popular Bonapartism
82. P.J. de Béranger, The Old Banner, 1820
83. French Consul in New Orleans, Dispatch to the French Foreign Minister, May 1817
84. B.A. Granier de Cassagnac, On Popular Bonapartism and Louis Napoleon’s Rise to Power, 1857
Return of the Ashes
85. Victor Hugo, Napoleon’s Reburial in France, 1840
Last Words
86. E.A. de Las Cases, Napoleon on Napoleon, undated
Appendixes
A Chronology of Napoleon and His Times (1769-1821)
Questions for Consideration
Selected Bibliography
Index
Preface
PART ONE INTRODUCTION: NAPOLEON: THE MAN IN HIS TIMES
The Rise of Napoleon
Napoleon Comes to Power
The Foundations of Napoleon’s Regime
From Republic to Empire
Napoleon and War
Napoleon and Europe Map 1. Europe in 1800 Map 2. Europe in 1812
Decline and Fall
Legacy
PART TWO
THE DOCUMENTS
1. The Rise of Napoleon
The Making of a Political General
1. J.C.D. Lacretelle, Account of the Vendémiaire Uprising, 1875
2. J.B. Le Couteulx de Canteleu, Bonaparte in Barras’s Salon, 1875
Forging a Reputation: Bonaparte in Italy
3. Napoleon Bonaparte, Historical, Political, and Military Notes on the Army of Italy, October 23, 1797
4. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letters to Josephine, 1796–1797
5. A.F. Miot de Melito, Napoleon and the Fructidor Coup, 1858
The Politics of Generalship: The Egyptian Expedition
6. Napoleon Bonaparte, Address to the Army of Egypt, 1798
7. Napoleon Bonaparte, Proclamation to the Egyptians, 1798
8. L. de Laus de Boisy, The Institute of Egypt, 1799
9. Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, The French Occupation of Cairo, 1798
2. Napoleon in Power
Seizing Power: 18 Brumaire
10. P.J.G. Cabanis, Address to the French People, November 10, 1799
11. A.C. Thibaudeau, Creation of the Consular Government, 1834
Restoring Order
12. Judge Challamel, Letter of Brigandage, February 13, 1800
13. D.F. Delpierre and B. Constant, Debate over the Creation of Special Military Commissions, January 24–25, 1801
Religious Settlement
14. Papal Agent Ghislieri and Pope Pius VII, Letters on the Origin of the Concordat, July 10, 1800
15. J.J. Siméon, Speech Presenting the Concordat to the Legislature for Ratification, April 6, 1802
Return of the Emigrés
16. Marquise de la Tour du Pin, Return to France, 1913
17. Marquis de Bouthillier, Return from the Emigré Armies, 1810
18. Prefect of the Vaucluse, Report on Emigres, July 4, 1805
3. Foundations of Napoleon’s Regime
The Civil Code
19. J.E.M. Portalis, Preliminary Discourse on the Civil Code, January 21, 1801
20. Council of State, Debate over the Civil Code, September 27, 1801
Forging a New Elite
21. Millot de Fontaines, Letter of Recommendation for the Military School, July 14, 1810
22. Ministry of War, Notes on Military School Applicants, August 1809
Napoleonic Propaganda
23. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letter to Minister of the Interior, May 30, 1807
24. Napoleon Bonaparte, Executive Order, March 3, 1806
25. Evolving Images of Napoleon’s Power, 1797–1812
Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps at St. Bernard, 1801
Antoine-Jean Gros, Bonaparte, premier consul, 1802
Jacques-Louis David, Le couronnement de Napoléon Ier, 1808
Jacques-Louis David, Le serment d’armée après la distribution des aigles, 1805
François-Pascal-Simon Gérard, Napoléon en grand habillement du Sacre, 1806
Engraved Reproduction of Maurice Orange, Après la Victoire, undated
Jean-Nicholas Laugier, Engraved Reproduction of Jacques-Louis David’s Napoléon dans Son étude, 1812
26. The Imperial Catechism, 1808
The Secret Police
27. Paris Police Reports, 1804–1807
4. From Republic to Empire
Legion of Honor
28. P.L. Roederer, Speech Proposing the Creation of a Legion of Honor, May 9, 1802
29. J.F. Savoye-Rollin, Speech Opposing the Creation of a Legion of Honor, May 12, 1802
The New Dynasty
30. J.F. Curée, Motion to Institute Hereditary Government, April 30, 1804
31. L. Carnot, Speech against Curée’s Motion, May 1, 1804
The Imperial Court
32. E.A. de Las Cases, Reestablishment of Court Etiquette, undated
33. Guide to Imperial Etiquette, 1811
34. C.M. de Talleyrand, Napoleon’s Austrian Marriage, 1853
The Imperial Nobility
35. Napoleon Bonaparte, Speech to the Senate on the Creation of Imperial Duchies, 1807
36. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letter to Cambacérès, June 14, 1810
5. An Age of War
Total War
37. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, 1832
The Mud and Majesty of War
38. F.R. Cailloux (Pouget), Napoleon Decorating His Troops, 1895
39. J.B.A.M. Marbot, The Battle of Austerlitz, 1891
40. A. de Vigny, Military Grandeur, 1835
41. P.F. Percy, Campaign Journal, 1806
The Civilian Experience of War
42. F.L. Burk, Diary, 1813
43. Napoleon Bonaparte, On Conscription, undated
44. Song of Vivarais Conscripts, 1810
45. Replacement Contract, March 27, 1809
46. Mayor of Roquebrune, Letter to the Prefect of the Hérault, October 10, 1805
47. Sub-Prefect of the Haute-Loire, Letter to the Prefect, February 12, 1811
The Moral Impact of War
48. B. Constant, On the Spirit of Conquest, 1814
6. Napoleon and Europe
The Liberator
49. Napoleon Bonaparte, On Europe, undated
50. M.L. Molé, Opening Discourse to the Assembly of the Jews, 1806
51. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letter to Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, November 15, 1807
52. N.P. Desvernois, Reforms in Naples, 1898
53. G. Zurlo, Report on the Abolition of Feudalism in Naples, undated
The Tyrant
54. C.M. de Talleyrand, Napoleon’s European Legacy, 1853
55. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letter to Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples, July 30, 1806
56. L.F. Lejeune, Smuggling and the Continental System, 1895
57. Inhabitants of Preston, Petition to the House of Commons, March 23, 1812
7. Napoleon and the Atlantic World
Colonial Ambitions
58. E. Bruix, Speech to the Legislature on the Reestablishment of Slavery, May 20, 1802
59. Napoleon Bonaparte, Letter to Toussaint L’Ouverture, 1802
60. Napoleon Bonaparte, Confidential Instructions to General Leclerc, 1801
Colonial Retreat
61. General Leclerc, Letter to Napoleon Bonaparte, October 7, 1802
62. F. Barbé-Marbois, The Sale of Louisiana, 1977
Napoleon and Latin America
63. Joseph Bonaparte, Instructions to Secret Agents in Spanish America, 1810
64. Viceroy of New Spain, Denunciation of Bonapartist Subversion, 1810
65. Richard Rush, Letter to James Monroe, April 1817
8. Decline and Fall
The Spanish Ulcer
66. Supreme Governmental Junta, Appeal to the Clergy, 1808
67. Civil Catechism, and Brief Compendium of the Obligations of the Spaniard, 1808
68. C.F. Francois, Atrocities of War, undated (nineteenth century)
To Russia and Back
69. D. Davydov, Partisan Warfare, 1820-1822
70. J. Planat de la Faye, Letter from Moscow, September 30, 1812
71. P.P. de Ségur, Crossing the Beresina, 1825
Germany Awakes
72. E.M. Arndt, The German Fatherland, 1813
73. Proclamation of Kalisch, March 23, 1813
The First Restoration and the Hundred Days
74. A.C. Thibaudeau, The First Restoration, 1913
75. E.A. de Las Cases, Account of a Conversation between Benjamin Constant and Napoleon Bonaparte, 1815
76. A.C. Thibaudeau, The Hundred Days, 1913
9. The Aftermath
White Terror, Bourbon Repression
77. C.E. Marie de la Bourdonnaye, Speech to the Legislature Calling for Royalist Repression, November 11, 1815
78. Charge Sheet Against Suspected Bonapartists, January 3, 1816
79. Prefect of the Hérault, Letter to His Sub-Prefects, December 23, 1815
The Specter of Napoleon in the Atlantic World
80. Duke de Richelieu, Letters to the Marquis d’Osmond, 1816–1818
81. J. Garcia de Leon y Pizarro, Circular Letter to the Cabinets of Europe, 1817
Popular Bonapartism
82. P.J. de Béranger, The Old Banner, 1820
83. French Consul in New Orleans, Dispatch to the French Foreign Minister, May 1817
84. B.A. Granier de Cassagnac, On Popular Bonapartism and Louis Napoleon’s Rise to Power, 1857
Return of the Ashes
85. Victor Hugo, Napoleon’s Reburial in France, 1840
Last Words
86. E.A. de Las Cases, Napoleon on Napoleon, undated
Appendixes
A Chronology of Napoleon and His Times (1769-1821)
Questions for Consideration
Selected Bibliography
Index
Rafe Blaufarb
Rafe Blaufarb (PhD, University of Michigan) is Ben Weider Eminent Scholar Chair in Napoleonic History and the Director of the Institute on Napoleon and the French Revolution at Florida State University. He is the author of The French Army, 1750–1820: Careers, Talent, Merit (2002) and Bonapartists in the Borderlands: French Refugees and Exiles on the Gulf Coast, 1815–1835 (2005), and has published articles in Annales, H.S.S., French Historical Studies, French History Studies, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, and Annales historiques de la Révolution Francaise. He has taught at the Université Paul-Valéry III (Montpellier) and he has received fellowships and research grants from the NEH, Mellon Foundation, and Camargo Foundation, as well as a Bourse Chateaubriand.
Claudia Liebeskind
Claudia Liebeskind (PhD, University of London) is associate professor of history at Florida State University, where she teaches world history, South Asian history, and the history of Islam. She is the author of Piety on Its Knees: Three Sufi Traditions in South Asia in Modern Times (1998).
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