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CM PDF e-Book for Easy Writer 7e APA Update West Virginia University (Six-Months Online)
Seventh Edition©2021 Andrea A. Lunsford
Writing advice you can trust in a format that’s easy to use.
When you’re writing and researching, you want advice that you can find fast —and trust when you find it. EasyWriter gives you the help you need in a format that’s easy to use and easy to afford. This little book shows you the choices you need to navigate and the moves you can make to succeed as an effective writer in college and beyond.
Table of Contents
*New to this edition
Brief Table of Contents
*Quick Start Menu
*How This Book Can Help You
WRITING PROCESSES
1 A Writer’s Choices
*1a Understanding expectations for academic writing
1b Moving between informal and formal writing
1c Email and other “in-between” writing
1d Considering the assignment and purpose
1e Choosing a topic
1f Considering audiences
1g Considering stance and tone
1h Considering time, genre, medium, and format
1i Collaborating
2 Exploring, Planning, and Drafting
2a Exploring a topic
2b Developing a working thesis
2c Gathering evidence and doing research
2d Planning and drafting
2e Developing paragraphs
3 Making Design Decisions
3a Design principles
3b Appropriate formats
3c Visuals and media
3d Ethical use of visuals and media
4 Reviewing, Revising, and Editing
4a Reviewing
4b Revising
4c Editing and proofreading
Top Twenty Tips for Editing Your Writing
5 Sharing and Reflecting on Your Writing
5a Sharing with audiences
*5b Creating a portfolio
5c Reflecting on your own work
*5d Student writing: Reflection
*CONTEXTS FOR READING, WRITING, AND SPEAKING
6 Learning from Low-Stakes Writing
6a The value of low-stakes writing
6b Types of low-stakes assignments
7 Reading and Listening Analytically, Critically, and Respectfully
7a Previewing
7b Annotating
7c Summarizing
7d Analyzing
7e Student writing: Rhetorical analysis
8 Arguing Ethically and Persuasively
*8a Listening (and reading) purposefully and openly
8b Identifying basic appeals in an argument
8c Analyzing the elements of an argument
8d Arguing purposefully
8e Making an argument
8f Organizing an argument
*8g Student writing: Argument essay
*9 Writing in a Variety of Disciplines and Genres
*9a Recognizing expectations of academic disciplines
*9b Understanding and using genres
*9c Adapting genre structures
*9d Choosing genres for public writing
*9e Student writing: Samples in a variety of disciplines and genres
10 Creating Presentations
10a Considering task, purpose, and audience
10b Writing a memorable introduction and conclusion
10c Using explicit structure and signpost language
10d Preparing a script for ease of presentation
10e Planning visuals
10f Practicing
10g Delivering the presentation
*10h Student writing: Excerpts from a presentation
RESEARCH
11 Conducting Research
*11a Understanding challenges to research today
11b Beginning the research process
11c Choosing among types of sources
11d Using library resources
11e Finding credible Internet sources
11f Doing field research
12 Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes
*12a Checking facts
12b Evaluating the usefulness and credibility of potential sources
12c Reading and analyzing sources
12d Synthesizing sources
*12e Keeping track of sources
12f Working with quotations, summaries, and paraphrases
*12g Creating an annotated bibliography
*12h Student writing: Annotated bibliography entries
13 Integrating Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
*13a Using sources ethically
13b Integrating quotations, paraphrases, and summaries
13c Integrating visuals and media
13d Knowing which sources to acknowledge
13e Avoiding plagiarism
14 Writing a Research Project
14a Drafting your text, including illustrations
14b Reviewing and revising a research project
14c Preparing a list of sources
14d Editing and proofreading
*14e Student writing: Outline of a research project
DOCUMENTATION
15 MLA Style
15a Understanding MLA citation style
15b Considering the context of your sources
15c Following MLA manuscript format
15d Creating MLA in-text citations
List of examples: In-text citations in MLA style
15e Creating an MLA list of works cited
List of examples: Works cited in MLA style
15f Student writing: Research-based argument, MLA style
16 APA Style
16a Understanding APA citation style
16b Following APA manuscript format
16c Creating APA in-text citations
List of examples: In-text citations in APA style
16d Creating an APA list of references
List of examples: References in APA style
16e Student writing: Causal analysis essay with abstract, APA style
17 Chicago Style
17a Understanding Chicago citation style
17b Following Chicago manuscript format
17c Creating Chicago notes and bibliographic entries
List of examples: Notes and bibliographic entries in Chicago style
17d Student writing: Research-based history essay (excerpts), Chicago style
18 CSE Style
18a Following CSE manuscript format
18b Creating CSE in-text citations
18c Creating a CSE list of references
List of examples: References in CSE style
18d Student writing: Biology literature review (excerpts), CSE style
STYLE: EFFECTIVE LANGUAGE
*19 Writing across Cultures and Communities
19a Thinking about what seems “normal”
19b Clarifying meaning
19c Meeting audience expectations
20 Language That Builds Common Ground
20a Examining assumptions and avoiding stereotypes
*20b Examining assumptions about gender and pronouns
20c Examining assumptions about race and ethnicity
*20d Considering abilities and disabilities
21 Varieties of Language
21a Using “standard” English appropriately
*21b Using varieties of English
22 Word Choice
22a Using appropriate formality
22b Considering denotation and connotation
22c Using general and specific language effectively
22d Using figurative language effectively
22e Making spell checkers work for you
STYLE: EFFECTIVE SENTENCES
*23 Varying Sentences
*23a Varying sentence length
*23b Varying sentence openings
24 Consistency, Completeness, and Effectiveness
24a Revising confusing sentence structure
24b Matching subjects and predicates
24c Using consistent compound structures
24d Making complete comparisons
25 Coordination and Subordination
25a Relating equal ideas
25b Distinguishing main ideas
26 Conciseness
26a Eliminating redundant words
26b Eliminating empty words
26c Replacing wordy phrases
26d Simplifying sentence structure
27 Parallelism
27a Making items in a series or list parallel
27b Making paired ideas parallel
27c Using words necessary for clarity
28 Shifts
28a Revising shifts in tense
28b Revising shifts in voice
28c Revising shifts in point of view
28d Revising shifts between direct and indirect discourse
GRAMMAR
29 Verbs and Verb Phrases
29a Using regular and irregular verb forms
29b Building verb phrases
29c Using infinitives and gerunds
29d Using lie and lay, sit and set, rise and raise
29e Using verb tenses
29g Using active and passive voice
29h Using mood appropriately
29i Using conditional sentences appropriately
30 Nouns and Noun Phrases
30a Understanding count and noncount nouns
30b Using determiners
30c Using articles
31 Subject-Verb Agreement
31a Checking for words between subject and verb
31b Checking agreement with compound subjects
31c Making verbs agree with collective nouns
31d Making verbs agree with indefinite pronouns
31e Making verbs agree with who, which, and that
31f Making linking verbs agree with subjects
31g Making verbs agree with subjects that end in –s
31h Checking for subjects that follow the verb
31i Making verbs agree with titles and words used as words
31j Considering spoken forms of be in varieties of English
32 Adjectives and Adverbs
32a Using adjectives after linking verbs
32b Using comparatives and superlatives
33 Modifier Placement
33a Revising misplaced modifiers
33b Revising disruptive modifiers
33c Revising dangling modifiers
34 Pronouns
34a Considering a pronoun’s role in the sentence
34b Making pronouns agree with antecedents
34c Making pronouns refer to clear antecedents
35 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
35a Choosing the right preposition
35b Using two-word verbs idiomatically
36 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
36a Separating the clauses into two sentences
36b Linking the clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction
36c Linking the clauses with a semicolon
36d Rewriting the two clauses as one independent clause
36e Rewriting one independent clause as a dependent clause
36f Linking the two clauses with a dash
37 Sentence Fragments
37a Revising phrase fragments
37b Revising compound-predicate fragments
37c Revising clause fragments
PUNCTUATION/MECHANICS
38 Commas
38a Setting off introductory elements
38b Separating clauses in compound sentences
38c Setting off nonrestrictive elements
38d Separating items in a series
38e Setting off parenthetical and transitional expressions
38f Setting off contrasting elements, interjections, direct address, and tag questions
38g Setting off parts of dates and addresses
38h Setting off quotations
38i Avoiding unnecessary commas
39 Semicolons
39a Linking independent clauses
39b Separating items in a series containing other punctuation
39c Avoiding misused semicolons
40 End Punctuation
40a Using periods
40b Using question marks
40c Using exclamation points
40d Using end punctuation in informal writing
41 Apostrophes
41a Signaling possessive case
41b Signaling contractions
41c Understanding apostrophes and plural forms
42 Quotation Marks
42a Signaling direct quotation
42b Identifying titles of short works and definitions
42c Using quotation marks with other punctuation
42d Avoiding misused quotation marks
43 Other Punctuation
43a Using parentheses
43b Using brackets
43c Using dashes
43d Using colons
43e Using slashes
43f Using ellipses
44 Capital Letters
44a Capitalizing the first word of a sentence
44b Capitalizing proper nouns and proper adjectives
44c Capitalizing titles before proper names
44d Capitalizing titles of works
44e Revising unnecessary capitalization
45 Abbreviations and Numbers
45a Using abbreviations
45b Using numbers
46 Italics
46a Italicizing titles
46b Italicizing words, letters, and numbers used as terms
46c Italicizing non-English words
46d Italicizing names of aircraft, ships, and trains
46e Using italics for emphasis
47 Hyphens
47a Using hyphens with compound words
47b Using hyphens with prefixes and suffixes
47c Avoiding unnecessary hyphens
Glossary of Usage
Index/Glossary of Terms
Revision Symbols
For Multilingual Writers
Andrea A. Lunsford
Andrea Lunsford, Louise Hewlett Nixon Professor of English emerita and former Director of the Program in Writing and Rhetoric at Stanford University, joined the Stanford faculty in 2000. Prior to this appointment, she was Distinguished Professor of English at The Ohio State University (1986-2000) and, before that, Associate Professor and Director of Writing at the University of British Columbia (1977-86) and Associate Professor of English at Hillsborough Community College. A frequent member of the faculty of the Bread Loaf School of English, Andrea earned her B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Florida and completed her Ph.D. in English at The Ohio State University (1977). She holds honorary degrees from Middlebury College and The University of Ôrebro.
Andreas scholarly interests include the contributions of women and people of color to rhetorical history, theory, and practice; collaboration and collaborative writing, comics/graphic narratives; translanguaging and style, and technologies of writing. She has written or coauthored many books, including Essays on Classical Rhetoric and Modern Discourse; Singular Texts/Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Writing; and Reclaiming Rhetorica: Women in the History of Rhetoric, as well as numerous chapters and articles. For Bedford/St. Martin’s, she is the author of The St. Martins Handbook, The Everyday Writer, and EasyWriter; the co-author (with John Ruszkiewicz) of Everything’s an Argument and (with John Ruszkiewicz and Keith Walters) of Everything’s an Argument with Readings; and the co-author (with Lisa Ede) of Writing Together: Collaboration in Theory and Practice. She is also a regular contributor to the Bits teaching blog on Bedford/St. Martin’s English Community site.
Andrea has given presentations and workshops on the changing nature and scope of writing and critical language awareness at scores of North American universities, served as Chair of the Conference on College Composition and Communication, as Chair of the Modern Language Association Division on Writing, and as a member of the MLA Executive Council. In her spare time, she serves on the Board of La Casa Roja’s Next Generation Leadership Network, as Chair of the Kronos Quartet Performing Arts Association--and works diligently if not particularly well in her communal organic garden.
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