United States
America's History, Value Edition, Combined
Tenth Edition©2021 Rebecca Edwards; Eric Hinderaker; Robert O. Self; James A. Henretta
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Learn MoreTable of Contents
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-14.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-30.
PART 1 Transformations of North America, 1491–1700
CHAPTER 1 Colliding Worlds, 1491–1600
Why did contact among Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans cause such momentous changes?
The Native American Experience
The First Americans
American Empires
Chiefdoms and Confederacies
Patterns of Trade
Sacred Power
Western Europe: The Edge of the Old World
Hierarchy and Authority
Peasant Society
Expanding Trade Networks
Myths, Religions, and Holy Warriors
West and Central Africa: Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Empires, Kingdoms, and Ministates
Trans-Saharan and Coastal Trade
The Spirit World
Exploration and Conquest
Portuguese Expansion
The African Slave Trade
Sixteenth-Century Incursions
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
CHAPTER 2 American Experiments, 1521–1700
Why did the American colonies develop the social, political, and economic institutions they did, and why were some colonial experiments more successful than others?
Spain’s Tribute Colonies
A New American World
The Columbian Exchange
The Protestant Challenge to Spain
Plantation Colonies
Brazil’s Sugar Plantations
England’s Chesapeake Colonies
The Laboratory of the Caribbean
Plantation Life
Neo-European Colonies
New France
New Netherland
The Rise of the Iroquois
New England
War and Rebellion in North America
Metacom’s War, 1675-1676
The Pueblo Revolt
Bacon’s Rebellion
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW
PART 2 British North America and the Atlantic World, 1607–1763
CHAPTER 3 The British Atlantic World, 1607–1750
Why and how did the South Atlantic System reshape the economy, society, and culture of British North America?
Colonies to Empire, 1607–1713
Self-Governing Colonies and New Elites, 1607–1660
The Restoration Colonies and Imperial Expansion
From Mercantilism to Imperial Dominion
The Glorious Revolution in England and America
Imperial Wars and Native Peoples
Tribalization
Indian Goals
The Imperial Slave Economy
The South Atlantic System
Africa, Africans, and the Slave Trade
Slavery in the Chesapeake and South Carolina
An African American Community Emerges
The Rise of the Southern Gentry
The Northern Maritime Economy
The Urban Economy
Urban Society
The New Politics of Empire, 1713–1750
The Rise of Colonial Assemblies
Salutary Neglect
Protecting the Mercantile System
Mercantilism and the American Colonies
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW
CHAPTER 4 Growth, Diversity, and Conflict, 1720–1763
Why did transatlantic travel and communication reshape Britain’s American colonies so dramatically?
New England’s Freehold Society
Farm Families: Women in the Household Economy
Farm Property: Inheritance
Freehold Society in Crisis
Diversity in the Middle Colonies
Economic Growth, Opportunity, and Conflict
Cultural Diversity
Religion and Politics
Cultural Transformations
Transportation and the Print Revolution
The Enlightenment in America
American Pietism and the Great Awakening
Religious Upheaval in the North
Social and Religious Conflict in the South
The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750–1763
The French and Indian War
The Great War for Empire
British Industrial Growth and the Consumer Revolution
The Struggle for Land in the East
Western Rebels and Regulators
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4 REVIEW
PART 3 Revolution and Republican Culture, 1754–1800
CHAPTER 5 The Problem of Empire, 1754–1776
Why did the imperial crisis lead to war between Britain and the United States?
An Empire Transformed
The Costs of Empire
George Grenville and the Reform Impulse
An Open Challenge: The Stamp Act
The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765–1770
Formal Protests and the Politics of the Crowd
The Ideological Roots of Resistance
Another Kind of Freedom
Parliament and Patriots Square Off Again
The Problem of the West
Parliament Wavers
The Road to Independence, 1771–1776
A Compromise Repudiated
The Continental Congress Responds
The Rising of the Countryside
Loyalists and Neutrals
Violence East and West
Lord Dunmore’s War
Armed Resistance in Massachusetts
The Second Continental Congress Organizes for War
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
Independence Declared
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 5 REVIEW
CHAPTER 6 Making War and Republican Governments, 1776–1789
Why did the American independence movement succeed, and what changes did it initiate in American society and government?
The Trials of War, 1776–1778
War in the North
Armies and Strategies
Victory at Saratoga
The Perils of War
Financial Crisis
Valley Forge
The Path to Victory, 1778–1783
The French Alliance
War in the South
The Patriot Advantage
Diplomatic Triumph
Creating Republican Institutions, 1776–1787
The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy?
Women Seek a Public Voice
The War’s Losers: Loyalists, Native Americans, and Slaves
The Articles of Confederation
Shays’s Rebellion
The Constitution of 1787
The Rise of a Nationalist Faction
The Philadelphia Convention
The People Debate Ratification
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW
CHAPTER 7 Hammering Out a Federal Republic, 1787–1820
Why did the United States survive the challenges of the first three decades to become a viable, growing, independent republic?
The Political Crisis of the 1790s
The Federalists Implement the Constitution
Hamilton’s Financial Program
Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision
The French Revolution Divides Americans
The Rise of Political Parties
A Republican Empire Is Born
Sham Treaties and Indian Lands
Migration and the Changing Farm Economy
The Jefferson Presidency
Jefferson and the West
The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics
Conflict in the Atlantic and the West
The War of 1812
The Federalist Legacy
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 7 REVIEW
PART 4 Overlapping Revolutions, 1800–1848
CHAPTER 8 Economic Transformations, 1800–1848
Why and how did the economic transformations of the first half of the nineteenth century reshape northern and southern society and culture?
Foundations of a New Economic Order
Credit and Banking
Transportation and the Market Revolution
The Cotton Complex: Northern Industry and Southern Agriculture
The American Industrial Revolution
Origins of the Cotton South
The Cotton Boom and Slavery
Technological Innovation and Labor
The Spread of Innovation
Wageworkers and the Labor Movement
The Growth of Cities and Towns
New Social Classes and Cultures
Inequality in the South
The Northern Business Elite
The Middle Class
Urban Workers and the Poor
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 8 REVIEW
CHAPTER 9 A Democratic Revolution, 1800–1848
Why did Andrew Jackson’s election mark a turning point in American politics?
The Rise of Popular Politics
The Decline of the Notables and the Rise of Parties
Racial Exclusion and Republican Motherhood
The Missouri Crisis, 1819–1821
The Election of 1824
The Last Notable President: John Quincy Adams
"The Democracy" and the Election of 1828
Jackson in Power, 1829–1837
Jackson’s Agenda: Rotation and Decentralization
The Tariff and Nullification
The Bank War
Indian Removal
Jackson’s Impact
Class, Culture, and the Second Party System
The Whig Worldview
Labor Politics and the Depression of 1837–1843
"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!"
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 9 REVIEW
CHAPTER 10 Religion, Reform, and Culture, 1820–1848
Why did new intellectual, religious, and social movements emerge in the early nineteenth century, and how did they change American society?
Spiritual Awakenings
The Second Great Awakening and Reform
Transcendentalism
Utopian Communities and New Religious Movements
Urban Cultures and Conflicts
Sex in the City
Urban Entertainments
Popular Fiction and the Penny Press
African Americans and the Struggle for Freedom
Free Black Communities, South and North
The Rise of Abolitionism
The Women’s Rights Movement
Origins of the Women’s Rights Movement
From Antislavery to Women’s Rights
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 10 REVIEW
CHAPTER 11 Imperial Ambitions, 1820–1848
Why did the ideology of Manifest Destiny unite Americans and shape United States politics?
The Expanding South
Planters, Small Freeholders, and Poor Freemen
The Settlement of Texas
The Politics of Democracy
The World of Enslaved African Americans
Forging Families and Communities
Working Lives
Contesting the Boundaries of Slavery
Manifest Destiny, North and South
The Push to the Pacific
The Plains Indians
The Fateful Election of 1844
The U.S.-Mexico War, 1846–1848
The Mexican North
Polk’s Expansionist Program
American Military Successes
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW
PART 5 Consolidating a Continental Union, 1844–1877
CHAPTER 12 Sectional Conflict and Crisis, 1844–1861
Why did the new Republican Party arise, and what events led to Democratic division and southern secession?
Consequences of the U.S.-Mexico War, 1844–1850
"Free Soil" in Politics
California Gold and Racial Warfare
1850: Crisis and Compromise
An Emerging Political Crisis, 1850–1858
The Abolitionist Movement Grows
Pierce and Expansion
Immigrants and Know-Nothings
The West and the Fate of the Union
Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858–1860
Lincoln’s Political Career
The Union Under Siege
The Election of 1860
Secession Winter, 1860–1861
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW
CHAPTER 13 Bloody Ground: The Civil War, 1861–1865
Why and how did the Union win the Civil War?
War Begins, 1861–1862
Early Expectations
Campaigns East and West
Antietam and Its Consequences
Toward "Hard War," 1863
Politics North and South
The Impact of Emancipation
Citizens and the Work of War
Vicksburg and Gettysburg
The Road to Union Victory, 1864–1865
Grant and Sherman Take Command
The Election of 1864 and Sherman’s March
The Confederacy Collapses
The World the War Made
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 13 REVIEW
CHAPTER 14 Reconstruction, 1865–1877
Why did freedpeople, Republican policymakers, and ex-Confederates all end up dissatisfied with Reconstruction or with its aftermath? To what degree did each group succeed in fulfilling its goals?
The Struggle for National Reconstruction
Presidential Approaches: From Lincoln to Johnson
Congress Versus the President
Radical Reconstruction
Women’s Rights Denied
The Meaning of Freedom
The Quest for Land
Republican Governments in the South
Building Black Communities
The Undoing of Reconstruction
The Republicans Unravel
Counterrevolution in the South
Reconstruction Rolled Back
The Political Crisis of 1877
Lasting Legacies
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 14 REVIEW
CHAPTER 15 Conquering a Continent, 1860–1890
Why and how did the United States build a continental empire, and how did this affect people living in the West?
The Republican Vision
The New Union and the World
Integrating the National Economy
Incorporating the West
Mining Empires
From Bison to Cattle on the Plains
Homesteaders
The First National Park
A Harvest of Blood: Native Peoples Dispossessed
The Civil War and Indians on the Plains
Grant’s Peace Policy
The End of Armed Resistance
Strategies of Survival
Western Myths and Realities
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 15 REVIEW
PART 6 Industrializing America: Upheavals and Experiments, 1877–1917
CHAPTER 16 Industrial America: Corporations and Conflicts, 1877–1911
Why did large corporations emerge and thrive in late nineteenth century America and how did they reshape trade, work, and politics ?
The Rise of Big Business
Innovators in Enterprise
The Corporate Workplace
On the Shop Floor
Immigrants, East and West
Newcomers from Europe
Asian Americans and Exclusion
Labor Gets Organized
The Emergence of a Labor Movement
The Knights of Labor
Farmers and Workers: The Cooperative Alliance
Another Path: The American Federation of Labor
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 16 REVIEW
CHAPTER 17 Making Modern American Culture, 1880–1917
Why and how did Americans’ identities, beliefs, and culture change in the early industrial era?
Science and Faith
Darwinism and Its Critics
Religion: Diversity and Innovation
Realism in the Arts
Commerce and Culture
Consumer Spaces
Masculinity and the Rise of Sports
The Great Outdoors
Women, Men, and the Solitude of Self
Changing Families
Expanding Opportunities for Education
Women’s Civic Activism
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 17 REVIEW
CHAPTER 18 "Civilization’s Inferno": The Rise and Reform of Industrial Cities, 1880–1917
Why and how did the rise of big cities shape American society and politics?
The New Metropolis
The Landscape of the Industrial City
Newcomers and Neighborhoods
City Cultures
Governing the Great City
Urban Political Machines
The Limits of Machine Government
Crucibles of Progressive Reform
Fighting Dirt and Vice
The Movement for Social Settlements
Cities and National Politics
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 18 REVIEW
CHAPTER 19 Whose Government? Politics, Populists, and Progressives, 1880–1917
Why and how did Progressive Era reformers seek to address the problems of industrial America, and to what extent did they succeed?
Reform Visions, 1880–1892
Electoral Politics After Reconstruction
The Populist Program
The Political Earthquakes of the 1890s
Depression and Reaction
Democrats and the "Solid South"
Republicans Retake National Control
Reform Reshaped, 1901–1912
Theodore Roosevelt as President
Diverse Progressive Goals
The Election of 1912
Wilson’s Reforms, 1913–1917
Economic Reforms
Progressive Legacies
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 19 REVIEW
PART 7 Global Ambitions and Domestic Turmoil, 1890–1945
CHAPTER 20 An Emerging World Power, 1890–1918
Why did the United States become a major power on the world stage by the 1910s, and what impact did this have at home and abroad?
From Expansion to Imperialism
Foundations of Empire
The War of 1898
Spoils of War
A Power Among Powers
The Open Door in Asia
The United States and Latin America
The United States in World War I
From Neutrality to War
"Over There"
War on the Home Front
Catastrophe at Versailles
The Fate of Wilson’s Ideas
Congress Rejects the Treaty
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 20 REVIEW
CHAPTER 21 Unsettled Prosperity: From War to Depression, 1919–1932
Why did cultural and political conflict erupt in the 1920s, and what factors lead to the Great Depression?
Resurgent Conservatism
The Red Scare
Racial Backlash
American Business at Home and Abroad
Government Businesses Entangled
Making a Modern Consumer Economy
Postwar Abundance
Consumer Culture
The Automobile and Suburbanization
The Politics and Culture of a Diversifying Nation
Women in a New Age
Culture Wars
The Harlem Renaissance
The Coming of the Great Depression
From Boom to Bust
The Depression’s Early Years
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 21 REVIEW
CHAPTER 22 Managing the Great Depression, Forging the New Deal, 1929–1938
What new roles did the American government take on during the New Deal, and how did these roles shape the economy and society?
Early Responses to the Depression, 1929–1932
Enter Herbert Hoover
Rising Discontent
The 1932 Election
The New Deal Arrives, 1933–1935
Roosevelt and the First Hundred Days
The New Deal Under Attack
The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism, 1935–1938
The Welfare State Comes into Being
From Reform to Stalemate
The New Deal and American Society
A People’s Democracy
Reshaping the Environment
The New Deal and the Arts
The Legacies of the New Deal
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 22 REVIEW
CHAPTER 23 The World at War, 1937–1945
How did World War II transform the United States domestically and change its relationship with the world?
The Road to War
The Rise of Fascism
War Approaches
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
Organizing for a Global War
Financing the War
Mobilizing the American Fighting Force
Workers and the War Effort
Politics in Wartime
Life on the Home Front
"For the Duration"
Migration and the Wartime City
Japanese Removal
Fighting and Winning the War
Wartime Aims and Tensions
The War in Europe
The War in the Pacific
The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War
The Toll of the War
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 23 REVIEW
PART 8 The Modern State and the Age of Liberalism, 1945–1980
CHAPTER 24 Cold War America, 1945–1963
In the first two decades of the Cold War, how did competition on the international stage and a climate of fear at home affect politics, society, and culture in the United States?
Containment in a Divided Global Order
Origins of the Cold War
The Containment Strategy
Containment in Asia
Cold War Liberalism
Truman and the End of Reform
Red Scare: The Hunt for Communists
The Politics of Cold War Liberalism
Containment in the Postcolonial World
The Cold War and Colonial Independence
John F. Kennedy and the Cold War
Making a Commitment in Vietnam
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 24 REVIEW
CHAPTER 25 Triumph of the Middle Class, 1945–1963
Why did consumer culture become such a fixture of American life in the postwar decades, and how did it affect politics and society?
Postwar Prosperity and the Affluent Society
Economy: From Recovery to Dominance
A Nation of Consumers
Youth Culture
Religion and the Middle Class
The American Family in the Era of Containment
The Baby Boom
Women, Work, and Family
Challenging Middle-Class Morality
A Suburban Nation
The Postwar Housing Boom
Rise of the Sunbelt
Two Societies: Urban and Suburban
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 25 REVIEW
CHAPTER 26 Walking into Freedom Land: The Civil Rights Movement, 1941–1973
How did the civil rights movement evolve over time, and how did competing ideas and political alliances affect its growth and that of other social movements?
The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, 1941–1957
Life Under Jim Crow
Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
World War II: The Beginnings
Cold War Civil Rights
Mexican Americans and Japanese Americans
Fighting for Equality Before the Law
Forging a Protest Movement, 1955–1965
Nonviolent Direct Action
Legislating Civil Rights, 1963–1965
Beyond Civil Rights, 1966–1973
Black Nationalism
Urban Disorder
Rise of the Chicano Movement
The American Indian Movement
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 26 REVIEW
CHAPTER 27 Uncivil Wars: Liberal Crisis and Conservative Rebirth, 1961–1972
What were liberalism’s social and political achievements in the 1960s, and how did debates over liberal values contribute to conflict at home and reflect war abroad?
Liberalism at High Tide
John F. Kennedy’s Promise
Lyndon B. Johnson and the Great Society
Rebirth of the Women’s Movement
The Vietnam War Begins
Escalation Under Johnson
Public Opinion and the War
The Student Movement
Days of Rage, 1968–1972
War Abroad, Tragedy at Home
The Antiwar Movement and the 1968 Election
The Nationalist Turn
Women’s Liberation and Black and Chicana Feminism
Stonewall and Gay Liberation
Rise of the Silent Majority
Nixon in Vietnam
The Silent Majority Speaks Out
The 1972 Election
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 27 REVIEW
CHAPTER 28 The Search for Order in an Era of Limits, 1973–1980
How did the legacy of social changes in the 1960s—such as civil rights, shifting gender roles and challenges to the family—continue to reverberate in the 1970s, lead to both new opportunities and political clashes?
An Era of Limits
Energy Crisis
Environmentalism
Economic Transformation
Urban Crisis and Suburban Revolt
Politics in Flux, 1973–1980
Watergate and the Fall of a President
Jimmy Carter: The Outsider as President
Reform and Reaction in the 1970s
Civil Rights in a New Era
The Women’s Movement and Gay Rights
After the Warren Court
The American Family on Trial
Working Families in the Age of Deindustrialization
Navigating the Sexual Revolution
Religion in the 1970s: The New Evangelicalism
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 28 REVIEW
PART 9 Globalization and the End of the American Century, 1980 to the Present
CHAPTER 29 Conservative America in the Ascent, 1980–1991
What factors made the rise of the New Right possible, and what ideas about freedom and citizenship did conservatives articulate in the 1980s?
The Rise of the New Right
Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan: Champions of the Right
Free-Market Economics and Religious Conservatism
The Carter Presidency
The Dawning of the Conservative Age
The Reagan Coalition
Conservatives in Power
Morning in America
The End of the Cold War
U.S.-Soviet Relations in a New Era
A New Political Order at Home and Abroad
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 29 REVIEW
CHAPTER 30 Confronting Global and National Dilemmas, 1989 to the Present
How has the post-Cold War era of globalization affected American politics, economics, and society?
America in the Global Economy
The Rise of the European Union and China
A New Era of Globalization
Revolutions in Technology
Politics and Partisanship in a Contentious Era
An Increasingly Plural Society
Clashes over "Family Values"
Bill Clinton and the New Democrats
Post–Cold War Foreign Policy
Into a New Century
The Ascendance of George W. Bush
Violence Abroad and Economic Collapse at Home
Reform and Stalemate in the Obama Years
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 30 REVIEW
Rebecca Edwards
Rebecca Edwards is Eloise Ellery Professor of History at Vassar College, where she teaches courses on nineteenth-century politics, the Civil War, the frontier West, and women, gender, and sexuality. She is the author of, among other publications, Angels in the Machinery: Gender in American Party Politics from the Civil War to the Progressive Era; New Spirits: Americans in the “Gilded Age,” 1865–1905; and the essay “Women's and Gender History” in The New American History. She is currently working on a book about the role of childbearing in the expansion of America's nineteenth-century empire.
Eric Hinderaker
Robert O. Self
James Henretta
James A. Henretta  is Professor Emeritus of American History at the University of Maryland, College Park, where he taught Early American History and Legal History. His publications include “Salutary Neglect”: Colonial Administration under the Duke of Newcastle; Evolution and Revolution: American Society, 1600–1820; and The Origins of American Capitalism. His most recent publication is a long article, “Magistrates, Lawyers, Legislators: The Three Legal Systems of Early America,” in The Cambridge History of American Law.
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